CASTRO & CALONJE - Derecho obligaciones

alayA ortsaC omrelliuG ésoJ ODAVIRPSUJ oñodnoL ejnolaC anemiX ylattaN El derecho de obligaciones se ha constituido en el foco más importante del derecho privado. A la par de los cambios que se han dado en la economía de mercado, surgió la necesidad de intercambiar de la manera más expedita, no solo bienes y servicios, sino también bienestar. Todo el ámbito jurídico se constitucionalizó y actualmente sufre el proceso más complejo de globalización. Gracias a esto, surgió, entre muchos otros fenómenos, el derecho de consumo que a su vez conllevó a la fi rma de tratados de libre comercio, que procuró nivelar - por lo bajo - ciertos requisitos mínimos para hacer compatibles sistemas jurídicos claramente diversos. La propuesta de esta obra va más allá de una simple revisión de los temas dogmáticos. Hace una invitación a analizar las coyunturas históricas, constitucionales y sociales que siguen infl uyendo en el derecho de obligaciones. Realiza un estudio casuístico, con base en la jurisprudencia, articulada con los principios constitucionales, como método de inducción a las obligaciones. senoicagilbo ed ohcereD IUS – Privado es la colección que DERECHO DE presenta los resultados de investigación, OBLIGACIONES refl exión y análisis sobre las instituciones de Derecho Privado, en especial las Aproximación referidas a propiedad intelectual, derecho a la praxis y a la constitucionalización agrario, derecho de las obligaciones, negocio jurídico, y sus desarrollos en el plano de la internacionalización.

La colección contribuye a difundir las nuevas lecturas de los institutos jurídicos tradicionales, resultado de los avances en la investigación jurídica y socio jurídica, propiciando el pensamiento crítico y la actualización permanente del conocimiento, de la comunidad académica.

OTROS TÍTULOS EN ESTA COLECCIÓN: - Aplicación de la Teoría de la Imprevisión en el derecho alemán 2 tras la reforma de 2002

SSUUJJJ

PRIVADO José Guillermo Castro Ayala COLECCIÓN Abogado y Magister de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Magister Llegum (Ll.M) y Doktor Iuris (Dr. Jrs) de la UniversiDerecho de obligaciones dad de Konstanz, en el Estado de Baden Württemberg, en la República Federal de Alemania, Rigurosum en Derechos Fundamentales, Historia del Derecho y Derecho Civil, como área Aproximación a la praxis nuclear. Fue auxiliar de magistrado en la Sala Civil del Tribunal Superior de Bogotá, abogado y a la constitucionalización sustanciador de la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. Conferencista internacional en temas de derecho de obligaciones, consti2 tucionalización del derecho privado, derecho del consumo y derecho civil. Profesor de la Universidad de los Andes, de la Universidad del Rosario y de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Profesor por concurso de Derecho Civil de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, y director del Grupo de Investigaciones en Derecho Privado y Propiedad Intelectual (GEPPI) de la Universidad Católica

de Colombia. Litigante y consultor. José Guillermo Castro Ayala Nattaly Ximena Calonje Londoño Nattaly Ximena Calonje Londoño Abogada de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Especialista en Derecho Comercial de la PontifiPRIVADO 2 cia Universidad Javeriana y Magister Llegum (Ll.M) de la Universidad de Konstanz, en el Estado de Baden Württemberg, en la República Federal de Alemania. Profesora de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Asesora de Tesis de Maestría en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Miembro del Grupo de Investigaciones en Derecho Privado y Propiedad Intelectual (GEPPI) de la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Actualmente se desempeña como Diplomática de Carrera del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia. SUJ

PRIVADO

COLECCIÓN

SUJ

PRIVADO

COLECCIÓN

SUJ

SSUUJJ

José Guillermo Castro Ayala Nattaly Jimena Calonje Londoño Derecho de obligaciones Aproximación a la praxis y a la constitucionalización

PRIVADO 2

Castro Ayala, José Guillermo Derecho de obligaciones : aproximación a la praxis y a la constitucionalización. /José Guillermo Castro Ayala , Nattaly Ximena Calonje Londoño. --Bogotá : Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2015 340 p. ; 17 x 24 cm.—( Colección JUS Privado )

ISBN: 978-958-8934-01-3 (impreso)

ISBN: 978-958-8934-02-0 (digital)

I.Título II. Serie III. Calonje Londoño, Nattaly Ximena

1. Obligaciones (Derecho) 2. Responsabilidad civil3. Contratos-legislación 4. Derecho civil

Dewey 346.5 dc 21 Proceso de arbitraje 1er concepto Evaluación: 30 de julio de 2015 2do concepto Evaluación: 30 de julio de 2015 © Universidad Católica de Colombia © José Guillermo Castro Ayala © Nattaly Jimena Calonje Londoño Primera edición, Bogotá, D.C. Agosto de 2015 Dirección Editorial Stella Valbuena García Coordinación Editorial María Paula Godoy Casasbuenas Facultad de Derecho Carrera 13 N° 47-49 Corrección y estilo Bogotá, D. C. Taller de Edición • Rocca® derecho@ucatolica.edu.co Viviana Almeida Editorial Diseño de colección Universidad Católica de Colombia Juanita Isaza

Av. Caracas 46-72 piso 5 Bogotá D. C. Armada electrónica editorial@ucatolica.edu.co Taller de Edición • Rocca® www.ucatolica.edu.co Publicación digital Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser Hipertexto Ltda. reproducida ni total ni parcialmente o transmitida por un sistema www.hipertexto.com.co de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún Bogotá, D.C., Colombia medio, sin el permiso previo del editor. Impresión

Hecho el DEPÓSITO LEGAL

Xpress Estudio Gráfico y Digital S.A. © Derechos Reservados Bogotá, D. C., Colombia CONTENIDO Agradecimientos fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi7 Presentación fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi9 Introducción fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi11 Justificación histórica fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi11 Del método jurídico, la casuística, la construcción de un sistema de abajo hacia arriba, de la praxis a la teoría fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi19 Modelos de un sistema contractual, marco económico, iusfilosófico y constitucional fi21

CAPÍTULO 1. De la constitucionalización del derecho privado fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi27 CAPÍTULO 2. Ubicación de la materia fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi35 Derecho objetivo y subjetivo fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi35 División de los derechos subjetivos patrimonialesfififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi42 Derechos patrimoniales fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi45 CAPÍTULO 3. El concepto de obligación: derechos del acreedor fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi63 Origen e historiafififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi63 Definición y elementos de la obligación fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi67

Momentos de la obligación: débito y responsabilidad fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi77

Ejecutabilidad de la obligación: diferencias entre obligaciones, deberes y cargas fifififififififi79

CAPÍTULO 4. Fuentes de las obligaciones fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi81 Negocio jurídico, contrato y cuasicontrato fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi82

Daño, delito y cuasidelitofififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi84 Enriquecimiento sin causa fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi85 Abuso del derecho fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi95 La ley y la subsunción de los hechos humanos en ella fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi100 CAPÍTULO 5. El negocio jurídico fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi103 La autonomía privada fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi103 Clasificaciones principales de los negocios jurídicos fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi106 Principios de configuración del contrato fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi107 CAPÍTULO 6. Los contratos fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi111 Principales clasificaciones de los contratos fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi115 Elementos de validez del contrato fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi121

Sanciones al negocio jurídico fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi148 CAPÍTULO 7. Modalidades de las obligaciones fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi151 Obligaciones puras y simples fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi151 Obligaciones con carga o modo fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi161 Obligaciones positivas y negativas fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi163 Obligaciones de cuerpo cierto y género fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi164 Obligaciones dinerarias y de valor fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi167 Pluralidad de prestaciones fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi169 Obligaciones con pluralidad de sujetos fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi172 CAPÍTULO 8. Transmisión de las obligaciones fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi183 Cesión de créditos fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi184

Títulos valores fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi189 Cesión de deudas fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi194 Cesión de contratos fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi198 Subrogación, como fenómeno jurídico fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi200 CAPÍTULO 9. Extinción de las obligaciones fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi209 Acuerdo entre las partes fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi209 Pago fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi210 Novación fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi217 Transacción fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi224 Remisión fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi226

Compensación fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi229 Confusión fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi234 La pérdida de la cosa que se debe fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi237 Nulidad y rescisión fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi239 Condición resolutoria fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi244 La prescripción fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi245 CAPÍTULO 10. El derecho del consumo como el nuevo Derecho de obligaciones especificado fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi251 Generalidad del Derecho del consumo fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi254 Definición general de la figura de consumidor en el derecho nacional y en el derecho comparado fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi256 Directivas europeas en materia de consumidor fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi263 Supraconstitucionalismo fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi273

Igualdad en el siglo XIX e igualdad en el siglo XX fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi278 Constitución Política. Artículo 78, inciso segundo fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi288 Igualdad efectiva fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi294 Paradigma de la libertad negocial: Derecho de celebración de determinación de la contraparte contractual, de configuración misma del contrato, y el derecho de conclusión contractualfifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi297 CAPÍTULO 11. Responsabilidad fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi303 Reglas generales de la responsabilidad fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi303 Responsabilidad penalfififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi304 Responsabilidad civil fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi305 Fundamentos de la responsabilidad civil fififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi308 Objeto de la responsabilidad civil fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi309

Elementos de la responsabilidad civil fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi310 Bibliografía fifififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififififi327 AGRADECIMIENTOS Queremos agradecer muy especialmente a los siguientes estudiantes de nuestras clases y miembros de nuestros grupos de investigación: a Ricardo Quecan Gamba, por el trabajo de revisión del último capítulo y su constante colaboración; a Sebastián González Rodríguez, David Andrés Rodríguez Reyes y Freddy González Araque por su invaluable apoyo con la lectura final, la estructuración técnica de todo el documento y la crítica formal permanente. Así mismo, al Profesor Álvaro Echeverri Uruburu y a la profesora Paula Comellas por la lectura de las muchísimas versiones del texto. Los autores

PRESENTACIÓN El derecho de obligaciones se ha constituido en el foco más importante del derecho privado. A la par de los cambios que se han dado en la economía de mercado, surgió la necesidad de intercambiar de la manera más expedita, no solo bienes y servicios, sino también bienestar. Todo el ámbito jurídico se constitucionalizó y actualmente sufre el proceso más complejo de globalización. Gracias a esto, surgió, entre muchos otros fenómenos, el derecho de consumo que a su vez conllevó a la firma de tratados de libre comercio, que procuró igualar - por lo bajo - ciertos requisitos mínimos para hacer compatibles sistemas jurídicos claramente diversos. Cada vez el individuo está más inmerso en una defensa del libre mercado, que interviene directa y negativamente en la forma como se estudia el derecho privado y las obligaciones actualmente en las socialdemocracias. La propuesta de esta obra va más allá de una simple revisión de los temas dogmáticos. Hace una invitación a analizar las coyunturas históricas, constitucionales y sociales que siguen influyendo en el derecho de obligaciones. Se realiza un estudio casuístico, con base en la jurisprudencia, articulada con los principios constitucionales, como método de inducción a las obligaciones. Este libro corresponde a una investigación del Grupo de Estudio en Derecho Privado y Propiedad Intelectual GEPPI, en desarrollo de la línea Constitucional del Derecho privado en el proyecto Nuevo derecho colombiano de obligaciones: perspectivas constitucionales comparadas en el siglo XXI, de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Católica de Colombia.

INTRODUCCIÓN Contra todas las previsiones, en un mundo casi plenamente globalizado, la producción dogmática sobre las obligaciones año por año, aumenta, ya no desde una única perspectiva analítica, sino previsora y dinámica: la atomización de los riesgos empresariales y de consumo abarrota los anaqueles de la investigación jurí- dica al respecto. Por lo menos eso menciona en no pocos de sus estudios el Max Planck Institut. Por lo tanto y debido a que se considera que cualquier nuevo texto al respecto debería justificar mínimamente su existencia, a continuación, se expondrán de manera puntual las razones que condujeron a perfilar esta investigación y la posterior composición de este escrito, así como los raseros metodológicos que nos han permitido abordar las problemáticas en el contexto colombiano moderno. Justificación histórica El derecho de obligaciones se ha constituido durante el siglo xx, en el foco más importante del derecho privado. Es claro que la regulación de las relaciones crediticias en una sociedad burguesa decimonónica ya era decisiva, pero es indiscutible que en los últimos setenta años la economía de mercado, presente en todas las dimensiones de la vida humana, ha puesto de presente que, más allá de la generación de riqueza o de los bienes en sí mismos, la quinta esencia del fenómeno económico, yace en la posibilidad de intercambiar esos bienes, servicios, dinero y oportunidades de la manera más expedita posible. 2

ODAVIRP

12 Derecho de obligaciones Un sistema jurídico claro, sólido, coherente y previsible debía fungir entonces como el instrumento que por excelencia posibilitaría el afianzamiento de esa

pretensión de velocidad mercantilista sin límites, de la economía contemporánea1. Los códigos, las leyes, su interpretación y su univocidad jurisprudencial parecían delimitar y perfilar en un todo aquel instrumento, incluso de manera previa2; pues la edad codificadora, aunque de otro cariz y con otros matices, claramente diferenciables, parecía prefigurar la Revolución Industrial, mientras esta, a su vez, constituía un prolegómeno de la prevalencia que tiene la economía en la actualidad. Sólo bastarían unas pocas modificaciones, impuestas por el mercado mismo, para que se garantizara el gran milagro económico prometido por la modernidad, por la industrialización y por la masificación de los productos: los traba