MIGCOLOMBIA - Informe sobre las migraciones en el mundo 2024

WORLD MIGRATION

REPORT 2024

The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. _____________________________ Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland

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Email: hq@iom.int Website: www.iom.int Cover photos: Top The Shahrak Sabz IDP settlement was established in 2018 by IDPs fleeing drought. Upwards of 30,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) now live in the area as of February 2021. Many are concerned the lack of snow and rain in the winter months may lead to another major drought and subsequent famine this year. Escalating conflict is also affecting many of the provinces where the IDPs originate, deterring many from returning home. In 2020, IOM Afghanistan reached more than 21,600 internally displaced, disaster affected and other vulnerable families with humanitarian aid including latrines, handwashing stations, winterization, non-food items, multipurpose cash and shelter. © IOM 2021/Muse MOHAMMED Middle Smoke over Bucha and Hostomel, Ukraine. © IOM 2022/UNIAN

Bottom View of informal settlements in Baidoa, some of them newly built around Howlwadaag neighborhood, Somalia. © IOM 2022/Claudia ROSEL Required citation: McAuliffe, M. and L.A. Oucho (eds.), 2024. World Migration Report 2024. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva. _____________________________

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ISBN 978-92-9268-598-0 (PDF)

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This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the editors. The World Migration Report 2024 project commenced in May 2022 and culminated in the launch of the report in May 2024 by the Director General. The findings, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including

through data verification. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report does not refer to data or events after October 2023. This report has been produced without generative AI tools. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 iii Editorial, review and production team Editors Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Linda Adhiambo Oucho (African Migration and Development Policy Centre) IOM reviewers Eva Åkerman Börje, Soumyadeep Banerjee, Deepali Fernandes, Sam Grundy, Abdi Mohamud Hersi, Jobst Koehler, Tyler Kretzschmar, Izora Mutya Maskun, Kerry-Lynn Maze, Simon McMahon, Azrah Karim Rajput and Mariam Traore Chazalnoel Academic reviewers Maruja MB Asis, Michael Clemens, Jonathan Crush, Elizabeth Ferris, Luisa Feline Freier, Jenna Hennebry, Ahmet İçduygu, Binod Khadria, Rainer Muenz, Marta Pachocka, Nicola Piper, Joseph Teye and Brenda Yeoh Publication production manager Valerie Hagger Project administration Liberty Beriña and Anu Liisa Saarelainen Copyeditors Simon Hay and Karl Muller Report layout Harvy Gadia Report webpage and interactive Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Juliana Quintero, Xaquín Veira González, Bryan Manalo, Ray Leyesa, J.C. Borlongan and Christine Julie Batula IOM research team Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Céline Bauloz, Pablo Rojas Coppari, Jenna Blower, Jerome Dolling, Samuel Poirier and Micaela Lincango part project Translations (FR and ES) French and Spanish Translation Units (IOM) Acknowledgements The editors are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic

reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to IOM’s Director General, Amy E. Pope, and members of IOM’s senior leadership team, who supported this edition, including Ugochi Daniels, Eva Åkerman Börje, Mohammed Abdiker, Kristin Dadey, Maryline Py, Michele Klein Solomon, Othman Belbeisi, Diego Beltrand, Marcelo Pisani, Ashraf El Nour, Sara Lou Arriola, Ola Henrikson, Manfred Profazi, Pär Liljert, Alejandro Guidi, Aissata Kane and Dejan Keserovic. We also wish to acknowledge the Governments of Australia, Ireland and the United States of America for their financial donations, as well as Meta, the IOM Migration Resource Allocation Committee (MiRAC) and several IOM field offices around the world.

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Contributors Chapter 1: Report overview: Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world, but key challenges remain

Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Linda Adhiambo Oucho Research assistant: Micaela Lincango Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Jerome Dolling and Guy Abel Other contributors: Rainer Muenz, Julia Black, Alex Pompe and Laura McGorman Chapter 3: Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Adrian Kitimbo, Marie McAuliffe, Guy Abel and Jerome Dolling Research assistants Pilar Luz Rodrigues, Rudolf Maxwald, Pablo Escribano, Raul Soto, Ezequiel Texido, and other Susanne Melde, Abdi Hersi, Tsion Tadesse Abebe, Laura Nistri, Tatiana Hadjiemmanuel, contributors: Lisa Lim, Marcellino Ramkishun, Kristina Mejo, Sarah Carl, Edlira de Andres,

Luisa Baptista de Freitas, Amr Taha, Ivona Zakoska-Todorovska, Ionela Timofte,

Caterina Guidi, Elisa Tsakiri, Princelle Dasappa-Venketsamy, Francis Mulekya, Wonesai Sithole, Modher Alhamadani, Misato Yuasa, Yu Yip Ching, Nayak Chandan, Gabriela Alvarez and Jasmine Tham Chapter 4: Growing migration inequality: What do the global data actually show?

Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Guy Abel, Linda Adhiambo Oucho and Adam Sawyer Chapter 5: Migration and human security: Unpacking myths and examining new realities and responses Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Pablo Rojas Coppari, M.J. Abbasi-Shavazi and Ottilia Maunganidze Research Assistant: Samuel Poirier Chapter 6: Gender and migration: Trends, gaps and urgent action Authors: Celine Bauloz, Margaret Walton-Roberts, Rose Jaji and Taehoon Lee Research assistants: Jenna Blower and Pilar Luz Rodrigues Chapter 7: Climate change, food insecurity and human mobility: Interlinkages, evidence and action Authors: Pablo Escribano and Diego Pons Ganddini Other contributors: Tasneem Siddiqui and Jennifer Turyatemba Chapter 8: Towards a global governance of migration? From the 2005 Global Commission on International Migration to the 2022 International Migration Review Forum and beyond Authors: Andrea Milan, Amanda Bisong and Paddy Siyanga Knudsen Research assistants: Adriana Vides and Melissa Medina-Márquez Chapter 9: A post-pandemic rebound? Migration and mobility globally after COVID-19

Authors: Alan Gamlen, Marie McAuliffe and S. Irudaya Rajan Research Assistants: Geetha Binny, Jenna Blower, Jerome Dolling, Uthara Geetha and Varsha Joshi

WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 v Photographs Chapter 1 Ehsanuddin Dilawar holds his seven-year-old son Kayhan Dilawar’s hand as they disembark

from a plane with fifteen-year-old Ali Aqdas Dilawar, as Afghan refugees arrive on a flight from Tajikistan at Toronto’s Pearson International Airport, on Wednesday, 30 March 2022. © IOM 2022/Chris YOUNG Part I People are fleeing Ukraine at the Medyka border crossing and Przemysl train station. © IOM 2022/Francesco MALAVOLTA Chapter 2 Women migrants walk along a highway in Yemen en route to the border with Saudi Arabia. © IOM 2022 Chapter 3 To support her family Ifrah travelled abroad and she kept sending remittances without possibility to save some money for the future. Due to several challenges and mental health difficulties she faced, she decided to return to Ethiopia – still empty handed and without proper time to prepare for return. IOM Ethiopia supported her throughout her reintegration process. Photos have been taken in the framework of the EU-IOM Knowledge Management Hub, funded by the European Union, and its audiovisual production activity on return and sustainable reintegration. © IOM 2022/Beyond Borders Media Part II IOM helps in relocating Afghan refugees from Tajikistan in coordination with the Canadian Government. © IOM 2021 Chapter 4 Bhola slum, Dhaka, started to be built by migrants affected by river erosion, many of them lost their land to the river. Nowadays the population of the slam is a mixture of economic and climate change migrants. Bangladesh, Southern Asia. © IOM 2016/Amanda NERO Chapter 5 A stranded migrant prepares to embark on IOM’s Voluntary Humanitarian Return flight to Ethiopia from Aden. IOM has offered this crucial lifeline to thousands of migrants in Yemen who wish to leave a dangerous situation and return to their home countries. © IOM 2022/Rami IBRAHIM Chapter 6 Myanmar and Cambodian migrants in Thailand. © IOM 2022/Anat DUANGCHANG

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Chapter 7 Vaccination of the flocks. Animal health is vital for the survival of people in this difficult region. Due to a major drought in 2017 in Mauritania, people in the Hodh El Chargui region are receiving a humanitarian assistance. © IOM 2018/Sibylle DESJARDINS Chapter 8 The second session of the 2023 International Dialogue on Migration, which took place on 5 and 6 October in Geneva, built on the outcomes of the Kampala Declaration and the SDG Summit and provided input to discussions at the Twenty-eighth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28). © IOM 2023 Chapter 9 Tens of thousands of mobility restrictions related to COVID-19 brought cross-border travel to a standstill. © IOM 2022 Appendices Hawa is a born native to Koundara and has seen how much her town has changed over the course of her life due to climate change. Due to the impacts of climate change on livelihood prospects in Guinea, some Guineans have resorted to irregular migration in hopes of finding better economic opportunities abroad. © IOM 2022/Muse MOHAMMED References Beyond the shore of Buka, deep in the Pacific Ocean there are no telecommunications and almost no electric power, lie a small cluster of atolls called the Carteret Islands. With a combined landmass of a little over half a square kilometre, these islands are home to 2,000 islanders who live a simplified rural lifestyle where they fish, grow food, build their homes, and rely on the resources available to them on the miniature islands. The communities who live in the tropical atolls are among the most economically, socially and physically disadvantaged populations in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.

© IOM 2016/Muse MOHAMMED

WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 vii Contents Editorial, review and production team ............................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................................................iii

Contributors .................................................................................................................................................................................................iv Photographs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................v List of figures and tables ......................................................................................................................................................................viii List of appendices ......................................................................................................................................................................................xi Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1 – Report overview: Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world, but key challenges remain .......................................................................................................1

Part I: Key data and information on migration and migrants ...............................................................16

Chapter 2 – Migration and migrants: A global overview ...................................................................................................19 Chapter 3 – Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments .......................................................55

Part II: Complex and emerging migration issues ...................................................................................111

Chapter 4 – Growing migration inequality: What do the global data actually show? ......................................113 Chapter 5 – Migration and human security: Unpacking myths and examining new realities and responses ............................................................................................................................................................139 Chapter 6 – Gender and migration: Trends, gaps and urgent action .......................................................................165 Chapter 7 – Climate change, food insecurity and human mobility: Interlinkages, evidence and action....................................................................................................................................................................197 Chapter 8 – Towards a global governance of migration? From the 2005 Global Commission on International Migration to the 2022 International Migration Review Forum and beyond .................................................................................................................................................................221 Chapter 9 – A post-pandemic rebound? Migration and mobility globally after COVID-19 ............................243 Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................................................................267 References .................................................................................................................................................................................................301

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List of figures and tables Chapter 1 Table 1. Key facts and figures from World Migration Reports 2000 and 2024 .................................................................8 Chapter 2 Table 1. International migrants since 1970 .....................................................................................................................................22 Figure 1. Top international country-to-country migration corridors, 2024 .....................................................................23 Figure 2. International migrants, by sex ............................................................................................................................................24 Figure 3. International migrants, by sex, top 20 destination countries (left) and origin countries (right) (millions) ........................................................................................................................................................................................25 Figure 4. International migrants, by sex, top 20 destination countries (left) and origin countries (right)

– proportion ...............................................................................................................................................................................26 Figure 5. Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex (millions) ...........................................................................27 Figure 6. Inflows of foreign nationals into OECD countries, permanent migration, 2001–2021 (millions) .....30 Figure 7. Migrant deaths by region, 2014–2023 ............................................................................................................................32 Figure 8. Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission, by number of countries ......................34 Figure 9. Air passengers carried globally, 1945–2022 .................................................................................................................35 Figure 10. International remittance flows to lowand middle-income countries (2000–2022) ..............................36 Table 2. Top 10 countries receiving/sending international remittances (2010–2022) (current USD billion)...............................................................................................................................................................37 Figure 11. Top 10 recipient countries of international remittances by share of GDP, 2022 ....................................38 Figure 12. Average cost of sending USD 200 by region of the world, 2015–2022 (%) .............................................39 Figure 13. International students globally, 2001 to 2021 ............................................................................................................40 Figure 14. Internationally mobile students globally by gender, 2001–2021 (millions) ....................................................41 Figure 15. Number of refugees by top five countries of origin, 2005–2022 (millions) ................................................43 Figure 16. Number of refugees by top five host countries, 2005–2022 (millions) .........................................................44 Table 3. Number of refugees needing resettlement and number of refugees resettled globally, from 2005 ....................................................................................................................................................................................45 Figure 17. Number of refugees resettled by major resettlement countries in 2002–2022 .......................................46 Figure 18. Top 20 countries with the largest populations of internally displaced persons by conflict and violence at the end of 2022 (millions) ..................................................................................................................49 Figure 19. Internal displacements due to conflict and disasters, 2012–2022 (millions) ................................................50

Chapter 3 Figure 1. Migrants to, within and from Africa, 1990–2020 .....................................................................................................57 Figure 2. Top 10 African destination (left) and origin (right) countries by sex .............................................................58 Figure 3. Top 10 African countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers, 2022 .........................................................59 Figure 4. Top 20 African countries by internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 ...................................60 Figure 5. Migrants to, within and from Asia, 1990–2020 .........................................................................................................67 Figure 6. Top 10 Asian origin (left) and destination (right) countries by sex .................................................................68 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 ix Figure 7. Top 10 Asian countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers, 2022 .............................................................69 Figure 8. Top 20 Asian countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 ............................70 Figure 9. Migrants to, within and from Europe, 1990–2020...................................................................................................78 Figure 10. Top 10 European destination (left) and origin (right) countries by sex.........................................................79 Figure 11. Top 10 European countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers, 2022 ....................................................80 Figure 12. Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 ...................81 Figure 13. Migrants to, within and from Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990–2020 ...........................................85 Figure 14. Top Latin American and Caribbean destination (left) and origin (right) countries by sex ...................86 Figure 15. Top 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers, 2022 ........87 Figure 16. Top Latin American and Caribbean countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 ................................................................................................................................................88

Figure 17. Migrants to, within and from Northern America, 1990–2020 ..........................................................................95 Figure 18. Main destination (left) and origin (right) countries in Northern America by sex ....................................96 Figure 19. Number of refugees and asylum-seekers in and from Northern American countries, 2022 .............96 Figure 20. Northern American countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 ..............97 Figure 21. Migrants to, within and from Oceania, 1990–2020 .............................................................................................100 Figure 22. Main destination (left) and origin (right) countries in Oceania by sex ........................................................101 Figure 23. Numbers of refugees and asylum-seekers in and from Oceania countries, 2022 .................................101 Figure 24. Top countries in Oceania by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2022 .....................102 Chapter 4 Figure 1. International migrants by region 1990 to 2019: Migrants to, migrants within and migrants from Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)............................................................................114 Table 1. Human development, fragility and passport rankings for selected countries ..........................................117 Figure 2. A model of the mechanisms that produce migration .........................................................................................118 Figure 3. Mobility transition .................................................................................................................................................................120 Figure 4. Emigration prevalence, 1960 to 2019 .........................................................................................................................121 Table 2. Immigrants by United Nations region, 1995 and 2020 ......................................................................................123 Table 3. Top 20 countries of origin and destination, by number (millions) and proportion of total population ...............................................................................................................................................................................124 Figure 5. Immigrants and emigrants by Human Development Index country category, 2020 ............................126 Figure 6. Association between Human Development Index scores and immigrant/emigrant stocks, 2005 ..........................................................................................................................126 Table 4. Number of countries in HDI classifications, 1995 to 2019 .............................................................................127

Figure 7. Migrants to, between and from each of the four HDI categories (low, medium, high and very high), 1995–2020 ......................................................................................................129 Figure 8. Schengen area member States ........................................................................................................................................132 Figure 9. Migration between very high HDI countries ...........................................................................................................133 Figure 10. ECOWAS member States .................................................................................................................................................134 Figure 11. Migration between low HDI countries .......................................................................................................................135

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Chapter 5 Figure 1. Deaths in State-based conflict (global), 1946–2020 .............................................................................................141 Table 1. Development, freedom, peace, State fragility and displacement (selected countries) .........................146 Figure 2. Human security throughout the migration cycle ...................................................................................................149 Chapter 6 Figure 1. International migrants, by sex, 2000–2020 ...............................................................................................................168 Figure 2. Share of female and male international migrants, by regions of origin, 1990–2020 ............................169 Figure 3. Share of male and female international migrants, by regions of destination, 1990–2020 .................170 Figure 4. Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex, 2019 ...............................................................................171 Figure 5. Top 20 male dominant migrant corridors, 2020 ...................................................................................................172 Figure 6. Top 20 female dominant migrant corridors, 2020 ................................................................................................173 Figure 7. Global distribution of international migrant workers, by broad category of economic activity and sex, 2013 and 2019 ....................................................................................................................................................174 Figure 8. Gender dimensions throughout the migration cycle ............................................................................................175 Figure 9. Continuum of gender approaches ................................................................................................................................189 Figure 10. Cross-cutting gender challenges throughout the migration cycle ..................................................................190 Table 1. Inclusive terminology summary .......................................................................................................................................191 Chapter 7 Figure 1. Links between environmental change, ecosystems and human mobility ...................................................200 Chapter 8 Table 1. Key Global Commission on International Migration recommendations and Global Compact

for Migration objectives ......................................................................................................................................................226 Figure 1. Key international events and processes 2003–2022 ............................................................................................228 Figure 2. International Migration Review Forum pledges by type .....................................................................................235 Chapter 9 Figure 1. Examples of the broad impacts of COVID-19 .......................................................................................................244 Figure 2. Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission, by number of countries, January 2020 to January 2023 ........................................................................................................................................245 Fi