OCDE - Data on homelessness and housing exclusion 2026 - República Eslovaca de 2026

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DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

Summary of key data and information Summary of key data and information Official statistical definition of homelessness (Table 1) In the 2021 census, the Slovak Republic specifically identified the secondary homeless, which is defined as “residents who use various types of temporary accommodation and often move between accommodation, such as a shelter, a halfway house, an emergency housing facility, or reside in non-conventional housing (recreational object, emergency object not intended for living, mobile home)”. Latest national estimates of homelessness (Table 2, Table 3) 71 076 individuals, representing 1.31% of the total population (2021) 39% are women, 61% are men Point-in-time count, based on Population and Housing Census 2021 ETHOS Light groups included Included: • ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) • ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) • ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions • ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents) Not included: • ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces • ETHOS Light 6: Living temporarily with others in conventional housing (e.g. sofa-surfing) Notes: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more sub-categories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted. Legal framework to collect data on homelessness (Table 4) There is no legal obligation to collect data on homelessness in the Slovak Republic.

Homelessness Strategy (Table 5) • National Homelessness Strategy: National Concept for the Prevention and Ending of Homelessness • Regional and/or local homelessness strategies exist Approaches to collect data on homelessness

(Table 4) There is no legal obligation to collect data on homelessness in the Slovak Republic.

Homelessness Strategy (Table 5) • National Homelessness Strategy: National Concept for the Prevention and Ending of Homelessness • Regional and/or local homelessness strategies exist Approaches to collect data on homelessness (Table 6) • Population and Housing Census: Census to be completed by individuals and municipalities (Table 6.1) • Information System of Social Services: Social service providers keep records of services provided to people experiencing homelessness (Table 6.2).

City-level homelessness counts: Bratislava (2023), Košice (2024) and Prešov (2025) (Table 6.3).

Data on homelessness and housing exclusion 2026: Slovak Republic2  DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

Table 1. Official statistical definition of homelessness Statistical definition Homelessness The Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic defined the methodological basis for identifying homeless people during Census 2021 in the context of international recommendations. The population census concept and methodology enabled the quantification of the secondary homeless, i.e. residents who use various types of temporary accommodation and often move between accommodation, such as a shelter, a halfway house, an emergency housing facility, or reside in non-conventional housing (recreational object, emergency object not intended for living, mobile home). Census 2011 used the concept of secondary homelessness. These were persons enumerated in dwellings outside the housing stock, collective accommodation facilities of temporary accommodation (dormitory, halfway home, shelter, hostel for homeless people, facilities for homeless people), without shelter and in a fictitious house. The term fictitious house was used when the person did not live in a dwelling or a family house. The reason for this was that, formally, every inhabitant must be counted in a dwelling and dwelling in a house/residential building. Table 2. Data on people experiencing homelessness: Headline estimate, by living situation Presented according to ETHOS Light Typology

or a family house. The reason for this was that, formally, every inhabitant must be counted in a dwelling and dwelling in a house/residential building. Table 2. Data on people experiencing homelessness: Headline estimate, by living situation Presented according to ETHOS Light Typology Year Headline estimate of homelessness (Individuals) % of total population ETHOS Light 1 People living rough ETHOS Light 2 People in emergency accommodation ETHOS Light 3 People in accommodation for the homeless ETHOS Light 4 People living in institutions ETHOS Light 5 People living in unconventional dwellings ETHOS Light 6 People staying with family/friends 2011 23 483 0.44% NA NA NA NA NA NA 2021 71 076(a) 1.31% Not included Included in headline estimate but not specified(b) 1 863 Included in headline estimate but not specified 5 196 Not included Metadata: • Type of count: Point-in-time • Data are comparable across years: No

• Included in headline estimate:

o Children: Yes o Temporary accommodation for: ‒ Asylum seekers: No ‒ Refugees: No ‒ Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes Note: (a) 64 017 people have either yet to be categorised or the exact address of their permanent or current residence in the municipality could not be determined. ( b) Night-shelters considered under ETHOS 2 are low-threshold services; thus, it is not possible to count the number of unique persons. The Report on Social Situation of the Population, issued by the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family for 2024 found that the number

be determined. ( b) Night-shelters considered under ETHOS 2 are low-threshold services; thus, it is not possible to count the number of unique persons. The Report on Social Situation of the Population, issued by the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family for 2024 found that the number of overall overnight stays in night-shelters considered under ETHOS 2 was 158 525. However, this value is a flow count, and consequently cannot be compared with Census.

Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2023), Population and Housing Census

2021. Table 3. Data on people experiencing homelessness: Headline estimate, by sub-group and living situation Presented according to ETHOS Light Typology, 2021 Single adults Men Women Youth (aged 15 and younger) Older people (aged 65 and over) Families with children (# of households) Headline estimate of homelessness 71 076 43 132 27 944 11 045 4 477 NA As percentage of total population experiencing homelessness 100% 60.7% 39.3% 15.5% 6.3% NA 3

DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

ETHOS Light 1: People living rough NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 2: People in emergency accommodation NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 3: People in accommodation for the homeless NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 4: People living in institutions NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 5: People living in unconventional dwellings NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 6: People staying with family/friends NA NA NA NA NA NA Metadata: • Type of count: Point-in-time

• Included in headline estimate:

o Children: Yes

ETHOS Light 5: People living in unconventional dwellings NA NA NA NA NA NA ETHOS Light 6: People staying with family/friends NA NA NA NA NA NA Metadata: • Type of count: Point-in-time

• Included in headline estimate:

o Children: Yes o Temporary accommodation for: ‒ Asylum seekers: No ‒ Refugees: No ‒ Victims/survivors of domestic violence: Yes Note: Sub-groups are not mutually exclusive.

Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH); Ľudia bez domova (Census 2021):

https://www.scitanie.sk/storage/app/media/dokumenty/ludia_bez_domova_SODB_2021.pdf. Table 4. Legal framework to collect data on homelessness Legal framework Law that governs data collection on homelessness None. Legal obligations None. Table 5. Homelessness strategy Homelessness strategies in place National Homelessness Strategy National Concept for the Prevention and Ending of Homelessness Regional and/or local homelessness strategies exist Yes. Table 6. Approaches to collect data on homelessness 6.1. Population and Housing Census Description The Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic carries out a population a nd housing census where it collects data on housing structures throu gh an online questionnaire. Assistance is provided at municipal contact points or at ho me to people who cannot complete the census online, such as those who are digitally excluded and elderly residents. Municipalities also submit administrative data through a questionnaire or by uploading the information directly into a database to supplement the information on housing structures and homelessness.

Type of count generated Point-in-time Methods • Population Census • Administrative data Lead authority(ies) Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Source(s) of information General population completes the questionnaire online or at a municipal contact point and municipalities provide administrative data on housing structures4  DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic Source(s) of information General population completes the questionnaire online or at a municipal contact point and municipalities provide administrative data on housing structures4  DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

Scope National level Depth of data Data disaggregated by: type of housing structure and dwelling ownership Frequency Every 10 years ETHOS Light groups included: • ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) • ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) • ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions • ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents)

Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more subcategories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted.

Notes and sources Population and Housing Census 2021 Houses by type of house and type of house ownership_2021 Dwellings by type of house and type of dwelling ownership_2021

6.2. Information System of Social Services Description Municipalities, higher territorial units, and providers of social services keep relevant records of services provided to people experiencing homeless ness through an online information system. The Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family processes this information and publishes data and info rmation through a public module.

Type of count generated Point-in-time Methods Information management system on individuals experiencing homelessness Lead authority(ies) Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family Source(s) of information Social service providers provide information through the collection module of the information system. Scope National level Depth of data Data disaggregated by number of clients and key demographic characteristics of clients Frequency Annual

ETHOS Light groups included:

Source(s) of information Social service providers provide information through the collection module of the information system. Scope National level Depth of data Data disaggregated by number of clients and key demographic characteristics of clients Frequency Annual ETHOS Light groups included: • ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) • ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges)

Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more subcategories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted.

Notes and sources Information system of social services - IS SoS - MPSVR SR (gov.sk)

6.3. City-level homelessness counts Description Several city-level homelessness counts have been conducted since 2023 in Slovakia ’s three largest cities: Bratislava (2023) , Košice (2024) and Prešov (2025). Information reported below refers to the count in Bratislava; additional information on the counts in other cities are referenced below.

Type of count generated Point-in-time Methods Street count and survey 5

DATA ON HOMELESSNESS AND HOUSING EXCLUSION 2026: SLOVAK REPUBLIC © OECD 2026

Lead authority(ies) Municipality, with Institute for Labor and Family Research (IVPR) Source(s) of information People experiencing homelessness were interviewed by social workers and volunteers Scope Municipal count Depth of data Age, gender, housing trajectory, income, incarceration history (if any), access to food/health and social services, self-reported health outcomes Frequency • Non-periodic • City counts were conducted separately / not co-ordinated ETHOS Light groups included: • ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces • ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters)

• Non-periodic • City counts were conducted separately / not co-ordinated ETHOS Light groups included: • ETHOS Light 1: Living on the streets, in public spaces • ETHOS Light 2: Emergency accommodation (e.g. shelters) • ETHOS Light 3: Accommodation for the homeless (e.g. hostels and women’s refuges) • ETHOS Light 4: People in institutions • ETHOS Light 5: People in non-conventional dwellings (e.g. caravans, cars or tents)

Note: Each ETHOS Light group includes one or more subcategories of living situations. ETHOS Light groups are considered as “included” in the data collection approach if at least one of the sub-categories is counted.

Notes and sources City reports: Bratislava (2023); Košice (2024); Prešov (2025) – forthcoming

Please refer to the OECD Affordable Housing Database, indicator HC3.1.Population experiencing homelessness, https://www.oecd.org/content/oecd/en/data/datasets/oecd-affordable-housingdatabase.html.

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