OCDE - Trade in Value Added ‑ Country notes Colombia

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February 202 6

TRADE IN VALUE ADDED:

COLOMBIA

Trade in Value Added (TiVA ) indicators offer new insights into the commercial relations among economies and provide a broad view of where value is created along global value chains (GVCs) . The indicators are derived from OECD’s InterCountry InputOutput (ICIO) tables that support a wide range of analyses related to global and regional value chains and related interdependencies. Compared to gross trade statistics, the TiVA approach better reflects the contribution of services to trade in manufactured goods, highlights the role of imports in export performance, and reveals the nature of economic interdependencies, through indicators based on the origins of value added (both country and indu stry) embodied in exports, imports and final demand. The 2025 edition of this database covers 81 economies and 50 economic activities, for the years 1995 to 2022. A glossary is provided for further information on how these indicators can be harnessed for analysis. Figure 1. Foreign valueadded content of gross exports As a percentage of total gross exports, 1995 to 2022

A standard way to evaluate globalisation through trade in intermediate inputs is to consider the foreign valueadded content of gross exports. This reflects “backward participation” in GVCs. At the global level, the latest TiVA indicators reveal that there was a general slowdown in GVC integration during the decade after the Financial Crisis (20112020) followed by widespread increases in foreign content of exports partly reflecting geopolitical events from 2021 (Figure 1). Between 2010 and 2022, the foreign content of Colombia’s exports is estimated to have increased from 8.1% to 14.9% - significantly below the OECD average of 30.4%.

(Figure 1). Between 2010 and 2022, the foreign content of Colombia’s exports is estimated to have increased from 8.1% to 14.9% - significantly below the OECD average of 30.4%. The role of foreign final demand in domestic production An alternative approach to evaluate participation in GVCs is to adopt a forwardlooking perspective, such as the share of domestic value added driven by foreign demand (Figure 2). Overall, in 2022, 17.7% of Colombia’s domestic value added was driven by for eign final demand, up from 15% in 2010 and significantly below the OECD average of 34.6% in 2022. By industry, the shares ranged from Basic metals (67.8%) and Mining and quarrying (62.4%) at the higher end to Accommodation and food activities (7.3%) at the lower end. Figure 2. Colombiadomestic value added in foreign final demand As a percentage of value added, by industry, 2000, 2010 and 2022http://oe.cd/tiva

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February 202 6 The importance of imports for exports The industries with the most foreign valueadded contents in their exports (Figure 3a) were Other transport equipment (42.2%), Rubber and plastics products (41.1%) and Motor vehicles (38.1%). Mining and quarrying generated the greatest source of domestic valueadded content of total exports in 2022, accounting for 25.2% of total gross exports (Figure 3b), followed by Food and beverages (8.5%) and Wholesale and retail trade (8.2%). The most foreign content in total exports came from Mining and quarrying (2.9 %). Figure 3a. Colombia

exports (Figure 3b), followed by Food and beverages (8.5%) and Wholesale and retail trade (8.2%). The most foreign content in total exports came from Mining and quarrying (2.9 %). Figure 3a. Colombiaforeign valueadded content of gross exports As a percentage of gross exports, by industry, 2000, 2010 and 2022

Figure 3b. Colombiaindustry share of domestic and foreign valueadded content of gross exports As a percentage of total gross exports, 2022

Figure 3c shows the top 15 industries in terms of gross exports (from the 50 TiVA target industries) and the distribution of domestic and foreign valueadded content. Overall, in 2022, Colombia’s top industries in terms of domestic valueadded content of t otal exports were Crude petroleum and gas (15.2%, with 2.3% foreign content), Food and beverages (8.5%, with 1.6% foreign) and Wholesale and retail trade (8.2%, with 1% foreign). Figure 3c. Colombiaindustry shares of domestic and foreign valueadded content of gross exports for top 15 industries As a percentage of total gross exports, 2022http://oe.cd/tiva

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In 2022, 21.4% out of the total value of Colombia’s imports of intermediate goods and services was subsequently embodied in exports (Figure 4), significantly below the OECD average of 49.2%, and above the share in 2010 (13.8%). The originating industries w ith the highest shares of intermediate imports used in Colombia’s exports were Mining and quarrying (33.6%), Basic metals (32.1%) and Chemicals and chemical products

(13.8%). The originating industries w ith the highest shares of intermediate imports used in Colombia’s exports were Mining and quarrying (33.6%), Basic metals (32.1%) and Chemicals and chemical products (28.6%). Figure 4. Colombiaimported intermediate inputs used for exports, by industryorigin of imports As a percentage of intermediate imports, 2000, 2010 and 2022

The importance of services in international trade in goods Services are a significant contributor to the Colombian economy, accounting for 29% of the value of Colombia’s gross exports of manufactured goods in 2022 (Figure 5) - below the OECD average of 35.9%. Foreign services contributed 10.4% to the value of manu facturing gross exports. The highest shares of services valueadded content in gross exports were in Motor vehicles (41.6%), Rubber and plastics products (40.3%) and ICT and electronics (39%). Figure 5. Colombiaservices content of gross exports of goods As a percentage of gross exports by industry, 2022http://oe.cd/tiva

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February 202 6 International flows of goods and services: main players In gross terms, the United States (27.8%), the European Union (14.4%) and China (11.3%) were the three most important Colombian export market destinations in 2022 (Figure 6). The top three final destinations for Colombia’s value added were also the United States (28.4%), the European Union (14.9%) and China (10.6%). These same three economies also constituted Colombia’s top three partners in 2022 for imports in gross termsthe United States (22.9%), China (21.8%) and the European Union (17.5%) - as well as in valueadded termsThese same three economies also constituted Colombia’s top three partners in 2022 for imports in gross termsthe United States (22.9%), China (21.8%) and the European Union (17.5%) - as well as in valueadded termsthe United States (22.9%), China (20. 5%) and the European Union (16.8%). Figure 6. Colombiamain trade partners As a percentage of total gross and valueadded exports and imports, 2022

New perspectives on linkages with regions of the world The ICIO framework can provide new insights into a country’s linkages with various regions by accounting for indirect trade relations. Figure 7 compares the distribution of Colombia’s direct imports from aggregate regions with the regional source of value added (left figure) and compares the distribution of Colombia’s direct exports to aggregate regions with their final destinations (right figure). In 2022, the region with the largest difference between being a direct recipient of Colombia’s gross exports and being the final destination was Other Regions . Colombian gross exports that ultimately reached Other Regions was 3.1% lower than estimates of direct gross exports (14.3 versus 14.8 USD billion). For gross imports, Other Regions showed the biggest variation between direct imports and the origins of value added. Other Regions ’s value added embodied in Colombia’s imports was 17% higher than Colombia’s direct gross imports (10.1 versus 8.6 USD billion). The second highest variation was for East and Southeast Asia whose valueadded embodied Colombia’s imports was 2.7% lower than Colombia’s direct gross imports from East and Southeast Asia (26.2 versus 26.9 USD billion). Figure 7. Colombiagross imports and exports by origin of value added and final demand destination USD billion, 2022

Further information is available to supplement this country note: ►

Access the data at: http://oe.cd/tiva

►

Figure 7. Colombiagross imports and exports by origin of value added and final demand destination USD billion, 2022

Further information is available to supplement this country note: ►

Access the data at: http://oe.cd/tiva ► TiVA indicators are based on the 2025 version of ICIO tables:

http://oe.cd/iciohttp://oe.cd/tiva

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February 202 6 Annex Table 1. Colombiaforeign valueadded content of gross exports by year in USD million (Figure 1) COU 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 COL 1,547.6 1,672.4 2,645.3 3,578.5 5,868.1 5,235.3 5,535.3 6,026.6 6,011.4 4,200.4 6,792.7 10,013.8

ASEAN 68,576.0 87,328.3 153,489.5 243,667.1 324,606.6 311,236.8 372,227.5 411,026.7 417,352.9 418,100.3 530,700.1 569,197.0

EU27_2020 86,779.1 135,084.0 243,146.6 389,456.6 445,902.7 422,731.3 488,347.6 544,393.2 553,768.3 471,888.3 603,195.7 726,545.6 Annex Table 2. Colombiadomestic value added in foreign final demand in USD millions (Figure 2) and foreign valueadded content of gross exports by industry in USD million (Figures 3a, 3b and 3c)

Annex Table 2. Colombiadomestic value added in foreign final demand in USD millions (Figure 2) and foreign valueadded content of gross exports by industry in USD million (Figures 3a, 3b and 3c) Domestic value added in foreign final demand (USD million) Foreign value-added content of gross exports (USD million)

IND DVA_2000 DVA_2010 DVA_2022 FVA_2000 FVA_2010 FVA_2022

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1,324.3 2,465.6 6,213.7 90.4 159.4 468.9 Mining and quarrying 4,381.0 17,989.4 15,928.0 209.6 583.9 1,954.5 Food and beverages 773.9 1,537.4 2,341.8 152.8 314.4 1,104.2 Textiles and apparel 422.8 625.4 545.9 137.1 168.1 274.6 Wood and paper products 150.8 379.2 507.7 29.5 75.7 216.1 Coke and refined petroleum products 164.8 999.4 1,990.1 183.7 375.1 746.5 Chemicals and chemical products 531.1 1,417.0 2,122.8 203.7 454.6 1,203.2 Pharmaceuticals 66.8 142.1 253.9 25.6 46.7 119.8 Rubber and plastics products 107.0 250.8 264.1 64.6 165.6 388.1 Other non-metallic mineral products 123.5 311.2 500.7 29.6 45.2 82.3 Basic metals 277.2 654.9 1,316.0 66.1 242.2 718.6

Other non-metallic mineral products 123.5 311.2 500.7 29.6 45.2 82.3 Basic metals 277.2 654.9 1,316.0 66.1 242.2 718.6 Fabricated metal products 93.3 136.1 297.1 15.6 30.1 217.0 ICT and electronics 15.8 45.4 78.2 5.4 16.4 75.3 Electrical equipment 73.2 171.1 220.3 32.8 74.7 234.1 Machinery and equipment 158.1 262.2 223.1 34.7 69.5 191.4 Motor vehicles 34.5 101.6 62.4 28.4 96.3 99.3 Other transport equipment 8.8 44.7 22.4 8.8 40.5 22.6 Other manufacturing 84.2 187.7 283.5 15.3 33.9 80.0 Wholesale and retail trade 1,264.8 3,098.4 6,889.5 93.7 162.2 651.0 Transport and storage 1,236.7 2,883.1 3,965.3 158.6 282.5 555.7 Accommodation and food activities 380.4 646.6 1,005.8 29.6 39.2 147.2 Information and communication 299.1 608.1 741.3 22.9 30.9 61.9 Financial and insurance 326.2 822.5 1,482.1 10.4 7.8 28.9 Other business activities 699.0 2,194.9 5,853.0 6.8 33.9 268.8 Annex Table 3. Colombiamain trade partners in USD million , 2022 (Figure 6)

Other business activities 699.0 2,194.9 5,853.0 6.8 33.9 268.8 Annex Table 3. Colombiamain trade partners in USD million , 2022 (Figure 6) VAR USA EU27 CHN IND MEX BRA TUR PER CAN GBR EXGR 18,745.2 9,725.1 7,640.9 3,403.0 2,624.9 2,459.7 1,724.1 1,862.6 1,421.5 1,085.2

FFD_DVA 16,230.0 8,537.1 6,083.7 2,364.9 2,016.7 1,810.5 1,397.6 1,304.2 1,235.2 1,233.3

VAR USA CHN EU27 BRA MEX ASEAN GBR JPN CAN IND IMGR 21,250.8 20,188.6 16,265.5 5,157.0 4,529.5 3,395.5 1,903.0 1,441.2 1,487.3 1,903.4

DFD_FVA 18,910.3 16,946.4 13,925.7 4,145.8 2,966.6 2,910.9 1,812.1 1,704.3 1,625.1 1,585.2http://oe.cd/tiva

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February 202 6 This work is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary -General of the OECD, and does not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD Member countries. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

views of OECD Member countries. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

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