OIM - Cash-based Interventions Annual Report and Case Studies 2024

IOM Cash-based Interventions Annual Report and Case Studies 2024The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration ; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

_____________________________

Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19

Switzerland

Tel.: +41 22 717 9111

Fax: +41 22 798 6150

Email: hq@iom.int Website: www.iom.int

This publication was issued without formal editing by IOM.

Cover photo: From Ethiopia to Yemen, Tayto’s journey has been marked by struggle, but also by resilience and the strength of a mother’s love. © IOM 2024/Monica CHIRIAC

Required citation: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2025). IOM Cash -based Interventions:

Annual Report and Case Studies 2024. IOM, Geneva. _____________________________

ISBN 978-92-9278-062-3 (PDF)

© IOM 2025

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercialNoDerivs 3.0 IGO License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO).

© IOM 2025

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercialNoDerivs 3.0 IGO License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO).

For further specifications please see the Copyright and Terms of Use.

This publication should not be used, published or redistributed for purposes primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation, with the exception of educational purposes, e.g. to be included in textbooks.

Permissions: Requests for commercial use or further rights and licensing should be submitted to

publications@iom.int.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode

PUB2025/018/RIOM

Cash-based Interventions Annual Report and Case Studies 2024ii Acknowledgements Acknowledgements

This document was developed by the global CBI Unit at the International Organization for Migration (IOM): Fouad Diab , Julie Gjerlufsen and Aamir Mukhtar. The global CBI Unit would like to acknowledge the valuable inputs of the following individuals who have provided time, feedback, documents and resources for the development of this report:

IOM Headquarters: Corantine Groccia, Flavia Giordani and Husnur Esthiwahyu

IOM Regional Offices: • IOM Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific: Alexandra Bonnie • IOM Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia : Aimee Alexandra Wolff, Andrea Frkánová, Denise Lassar, Elena Nyanenkova, Jean de Bournazel, Margherita Vismara, Nancy Böwing and Ursula Wagner • IOM Regional Office for the Americas and the Caribbean: Francisco Astudillo • IOM Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa: Jo De Backer

IOM Country Offices:

• IOM Aruba: Sondra Alena Samanez

Böwing and Ursula Wagner • IOM Regional Office for the Americas and the Caribbean: Francisco Astudillo • IOM Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa: Jo De Backer

IOM Country Offices: • IOM Aruba: Sondra Alena Samanez • IOM Bangladesh : Barua Biswajit, Chiranjit Singha, Dabal Kaji Rokaha, Emmanuel Daniel

Taabu, Farouk Sadiq Okhatahi and Govinda Sharma Humagain

• IOM Cameroon: Pierre Aristide Nkengue and Yves Freddy Yoko • IOM Colombia: Juan Carlos Castillo • IOM Costa Rica: Allyson Joanna Block, Andrea Jimenez, Isis Orozco and Maria Camila Ardila • IOM Côte d’Ivoire: Gnanzi Stephane Lamoussa Guela and Lucia Capalozza
• IOM Dominican Republic: Gumercindo Vasquez • IOM Ecuador: Ana Monserrath del Valle and Monserrat Hernandez • IOM El Salvador: Alia Mata, Dax Mayorga Romero and Yesenia Amaya
• IOM Estonia: Muhammad Saqib • IOM Georgia: Beka Butskhrikidze and Marc Hendrik Hulst • IOM Greece: Betty Ferentinou, Efi Kontouni, Eleni Karfopoulou, Konstantinos Kousaxidis

and Panagiotis Papadopoulos • IOM Guyana: Adeti Susanna Klien • IOM Hungary: Evelin Verhas, Krisztina Jak and Matyas Peter Szabo • IOM Indonesia: Akmal Haris, Betsy Fasihati, Yelsi and Zena van Bemmel-Faulkner • IOM Islamic Republic of Iran: Aasavri Rai, Negar Reisi and Zeinab (Nazanin) Golbadinejad • IOM Iraq: Elisa Molena, Juliana Hafteh, Mariana Andrade Cretton and Noel Suzanne Harris • IOM Jordan: Afaf Sito, Alina Maier, Erma Mulabdic and Gabrielle Bravo Gala

• IOM Iraq: Elisa Molena, Juliana Hafteh, Mariana Andrade Cretton and Noel Suzanne Harris • IOM Jordan: Afaf Sito, Alina Maier, Erma Mulabdic and Gabrielle Bravo Gala
• IOM Kenya: Samuel Cobrado and Winnie Akello-Arink • IOM Latvia: Evita Savicka and Jolanta Voita • IOM Lebanon: Georgina Abboud, Johnny Rebours, Mohammed Bedru, Racha Challita and Rima HamzehIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 iii
• IOM Libya: Dalya Gurkush and Tatjana Cerovina
• IOM Lithuania: Bozena Zaborovska, Giedre Kuodyte-Mirkiene and Iryna Huliuk
• IOM Madagascar: John Carlestadt Randriamampitovy and Roger Charles Evina
• IOM Malawi: Master Batson Simon and Innocent Chalera
• IOM Mali: Samira Moustapha
• IOM Republic of Moldova: Veronica Bubuioc • IOM Mozambique: Eminenur Cinar • IOM Nigeria : Abdirahman Mohamed, Ali Ingawa, Davis Okoko, Hauwa Kwaiza, Ijaduwa Joseph Anamja, John Jackson Mbugonyesi Anisa, Maria Elena Olegario, Mitiram Durkwa Ali and Serah Timothy • IOM Peru: Bryan Guido Julca, Carlos Alberto Aquije and Genaro Saniel Huaringa
• IOM Poland: Mykyta Ohur and Monika Korowajczyk-Sujkowska
• IOM Portugal: Luís Carrasquinho and Vasco Malta
• IOM Russian Federation: Juliana Pavlovskaya and Olga Rybakova • IOM Senegal: Ousmane Ntieche Diallo and Abdoulaye Sy • IOM Sierra Leone : Abebe Kassaw Mekonnen, Daniel Byrne, Onyinyechukwu Irene

Ajuonuma, Pauline Macharia and Peter Kamara

• IOM Senegal: Ousmane Ntieche Diallo and Abdoulaye Sy • IOM Sierra Leone : Abebe Kassaw Mekonnen, Daniel Byrne, Onyinyechukwu Irene Ajuonuma, Pauline Macharia and Peter Kamara • IOM Sri Lanka: Minoli Don, Priyanthi Chandrasekera and Trishani Sundaram • IOM Sudan: Afaf Sito and Trevor Willis • IOM Trinidad and Tobago: Desery Whiskey, Gema Cortes and Kandy Serrant • IOM Türkiye (Syrian Arab Republic) : Ali Elberri, Bachana Jgarkava, Beyza Mumcular, Dilan Balci, Elsebab, Giulia Brioschi, Miko Alazas and Samer Asaid • IOM Türkiye: Anıl Bahşi, Bachana Jgarkava, Başak Yirmibeşoğlu, Beyza Mumcular, Ferah Seyh Elsebab and Miko Alazas • IOM Yemen: Majed Mohammed, Mary Pham, Mennatallah Homaid and Monica Chiriac • IOM Zimbabwe: Emma Henningsson, Leonard Kamwendo and Ruramai Chichi ChakaipaIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 v

Contents

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... ii List of acronyms ......................................................................................................................... vii Cash-based interventions in IOM .............................................................................................. 1 Partnerships ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Global developments ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Global statistics ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Map of countries implementing CBI .................................................................................................................. 3 Best practices .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Asia and the Pacific ...................................................................................................................... 4 Bangladesh ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Indonesia ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Islamic Republic of Iran ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Europe and Central Asia ........................................................................................................... 14 Georgia ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Greece .................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Portugal .................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Indonesia ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Islamic Republic of Iran ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Europe and Central Asia ........................................................................................................... 14 Georgia ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Greece .................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Portugal .................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Russian Federation ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Türkiye .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Response to the Ukraine refugee crisis .......................................................................................................... 20 Estonia ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Hungary .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Latvia ................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Lithuania ............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Republic of Moldova ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Poland ................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Middle East and North Africa .................................................................................................. 30 Iraq ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Jordan ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Lebanon .................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Libya ........................................................................................................................................................................ 38 Sudan ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Syrian Arab Republic ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Yemen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 44 East, Horn and Southern Africa............................................................................................... 46 Kenya ...................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Madagascar ............................................................................................................................................................. 49 Malawi ..................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Mozambique .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 Zimbabwe .............................................................................................................................................................. 54 West and Central Africa ........................................................................................................... 56 Cameroon .............................................................................................................................................................. 57vi Contents Côte d’Ivoire ......................................................................................................................................................... 58 Mali .......................................................................................................................................................................... 59 Nigeria .................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Senegal .................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Sierra Leone .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 Americas and the Caribbean .................................................................................................... 64 Aruba....................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Costa Rica .............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................................................. 69 Ecuador ................................................................................................................................................................... 71 El Salvador .............................................................................................................................................................. 72 Guyana .................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Peru ......................................................................................................................................................................... 75

Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Costa Rica .............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................................................. 69 Ecuador ................................................................................................................................................................... 71 El Salvador .............................................................................................................................................................. 72 Guyana .................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Peru ......................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Trinidad and Tobago ........................................................................................................................................... 76IOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 vii List of acronyms

AVRR assisted voluntary return and reintegration CBI cash-based interventions CFM complaint and feedback mechanism CFW cash for work CWG cash working group FSP financial service provider GBV gender-based violence IDP internally displaced person MEB minimum expenditure basket MPCA multipurpose cash assistance NFI non-food item NGO non-governmental organization PDM post-distribution monitoring PSEA protection from sexual exploitation and abuseIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 1 Cash-based interventions in IOM

As the United Nations migration agency, IOM aims to increase and leverage the use of cash-based interventions ( CBI)1 to improv e access to basic needs for migrants, displaced persons and other affected communities , enhancing their resilience in situations of crisis, transition, recovery and development.

In 2024, IOM reached more than 3 million people with cash and voucher assistance across 124 countries and territories , reaching a total value of 191 million United States dollars . These interventions spanned humanitarian, development, peace and recovery operations, with the majority delivered in emergency contexts. Notably, IOM enabled over 1.2 million people to meet their basic needs and access essential goods and services through its multipurpose cash assistance (MPCA) programming. The largest CBI programmes were in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Somalia.

Partnerships

needs and access essential goods and services through its multipurpose cash assistance (MPCA) programming. The largest CBI programmes were in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Somalia.

Partnerships

IOM strengthened its role in inter-agency cash coordination through active participation in the global Cash Advisory Group and in more than 50 national cash working groups (CWG). IOM led or co-led CWGs or cash consortia in Belarus, Brazil, Jordan, South Sudan, Ukraine and Yemen.

IOM participated in the regional inter -agency initiative of operationalizing route-based programming across migratory routes in Central America and Mexico , focusing on Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. This initiative aimed to improve coordination of assistance along common migration routes and points of interest, addressing vulnerabilities of people on the move in the region.

Global developments

The CBI Unit in Geneva continued to lead the institutionalization of CBI across the Organization by providing technical support and direct in -country operational assistance. It produced several key documents, including technical guidance on the use of CBI to enable linkages with social protection , guidance on the use of CBI for health programming and literature reviews on disability inclusion, gender-based violence (GBV) and environmental sustainability, climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. These resources support CBI implementation and best practices across missions.

The CBI Unit conducted multiple training sessions , workshops and webinars globally, reaching close to 1,500 individuals from across the Organization. The webinars covered a broad range of topics, including accountability to affected populations, anticipatory action, data protection, health, migration, monitoring and social protection. The webinars provided valuable insights and practical examples and

1 For terminology on CBI, IOM generally follows the CALP Network glossary . CBI is equivalent to terms used by other organizations, such as cash and voucher assistance.2 Cash-based interventions in IOM

emphasized the importance of collaboration, planning and community engagement to ensure effective and safe programming. The CBI Unit also organized 14 four-day trainings on CBI to equip participants

organizations, such as cash and voucher assistance.2 Cash-based interventions in IOM

emphasized the importance of collaboration, planning and community engagement to ensure effective and safe programming. The CBI Unit also organized 14 four-day trainings on CBI to equip participants with essential skills to plan, implement and monitor projects that use cash and voucher modalities in English, French and Spanish.

The CBI Unit engaged with regional offices to address challenges in implementing CBI, particularly in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, fostering collaboration among various stakeholders. In coordination with the Supply Chain Division and the Department of Legal Affairs, three long-term agreements with financial service providers (FSPs) were signed at the regional level. These agreements will enable IOM to broaden the reach of CBI and enhance operational efficiency.

IOM initiated research to enhance the effectiveness of CBI for migrants and displaced persons , providing valuable insights and recommendations for the wider humanitarian community. An evaluation was also initiated to assess the strategic and operational approach of IOM to CBI, providing insights into its strength, effectiveness and areas for improvement.

Global statistics2

• 3 million individuals reached through cash and voucher assistance. • 124 country offices distributed cash and voucher assistance. • 191 million United States dollars transferred to aid recipients through cash and voucher assistance. • 2.8 million individuals received CBI in emergency contexts. • 1.2 million individuals received MPCA to meet their basic needs and access essential goods and services. • 93 per cent of the assistance provided was unrestricted.

2 The values are based on self -reporting by IOM country offices and IOM operations reported by missions in the 202 5 Institutional Questionnaire (2024 data). Financial figures were validated by the Finance and Accounting Division. Cash assistance distribution at a local church in Icacos, Trinidad and Tobago, providing support to community members in need. © IOM 2024/Gema CORTESIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 3

Cash assistance distribution at a local church in Icacos, Trinidad and Tobago, providing support to community members in need. © IOM 2024/Gema CORTESIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 3 Map of countries implementing CBI Note: This map is for illustration purposes only. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IOM.

Source: Figma. IOM 2025 Institutional Questionnaire Objective 2 bis (2024 data).

Best practices

The case studies highlight several best practices for successful CBI, emphasizing the importance of community engagement, inclusivity, gender mainstreaming and strong coordination. The case studies showcase that community engagement , early engagement with affected communities and robust complaint and feedback mechanisms (CFM) ensure contextually appropriate assistance and provide communities with channels to voice concerns. Strong coordination with local authorities, FSPs and humanitarian actors facilitates smooth delivery, reduces duplication of assistance and ensures effective implementation and alignment with wider needs and priorities.

The case studies illustrate that populations in vulnerable situations, such as persons with disabilities, can participate meaningfully through consultations, safe and inclusive distributions and lighter tasks in cash for work (CFW) initiatives. A strong focus on gender mainstreaming in several case studies show that cash assistance and skills development can empower women and enhance their participation in decision-making and governance structures . Complementary activities, such as language courses, vocational and financial literacy training and mental health and psychosocial support , can further enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of CBI, ensuring that aid recipients receive holistic support that addresses immediate needs while promoting long-term resilience and self-reliance.4 Asia and the Pacific Asia and the Pacific

As the most disaster-prone region in the world, the escalating impacts of climate change and natural hazards are the primary drivers of humanitarian needs in Asia and the Pacific. At the same time, the region faces complex and protracted conflicts, along with economic, political and social challenges

Asia and the Pacific

As the most disaster-prone region in the world, the escalating impacts of climate change and natural hazards are the primary drivers of humanitarian needs in Asia and the Pacific. At the same time, the region faces complex and protracted conflicts, along with economic, political and social challenges driving humanitarian crises and protracted displacement. The humanitarian response in the region is characterized by the crisis in Afghanistan and the Rohingya response. Afghanistan faces a complex humanitarian crisis marked by decades of conflict, recurring disasters, economic instability and widespread displacement. The mass displacement of Rohingya from Myanmar reached its seventh year in 2024.

The response of IOM in the region focuses on addressing essential needs, such as food, shelter, health care and psychosocial support, while promoting long -term resilience. IOM combines emergency assistance with sustainable solutions by supporting safe and dignified migration, upholding the rights of people on the move and returnees and strengthening host communities. These efforts aim to enhance economic opportunities, improve local infrastructure and reduce environmental impact through integrated, community-driven approaches.

Participants in a CFW programme carrying construction materials for road construction, improving access and infrastructure under a site development intervention in the Rohingya camp, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. © IOM 2024/Hossain AHAMMOD MASUMIOM Cash-based Interventions: Annual Report and Case Studies 2024 5

Bangladesh

IOM Bangladesh implemented CBI in the Rohingya refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar, specifically focusing on the CFW programme aimed at addressing the humanitarian crisis faced by the Rohingya refugees. This case study demonstrates the significance of CBI in addressing immediate humanitarian needs while fostering long-term development and resilience among affected populations in Cox’s Bazar.

The humanitarian situation remains severe, exacerbated by reduced funding, natural hazards and an influx of new refugees from Myanmar. In 2024, the need for the CFW programme in Cox’s Bazar was more urgent than ever, as it offered a crucial means of addressing both immediate humanitarian needs

The humanitarian situation remains severe, exacerbated by reduced funding, natural hazards and an influx of new refugees from Myanmar. In 2024, the need for the CFW programme in Cox’s Bazar was more urgent than ever, as it offered a crucial means of addressing both immediate humanitarian needs and longer-term development goals. As the cris