OIM - World Migration Education Toolkit

EDUCATION TOOLKIT WORLD MIGRATIONThe opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. _____________________________ Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19

Switzerland T el.: +41 22 717 9111

Fax: +41 22 798 6150

Email: hq@iom.int Website: www.iom.int This publication was issued without formal editing by IOM.

Required citation: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2024). World Migration Education Toolkit. IOM, Geneva. _____________________________

ISBN 978-92-9268-952-0 (PDF)

© IOM 2024 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO). For further specifications please see the Copyright and T erms of Use. This publication should not be used, published or redistributed for purposes primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation, with the exception of educational purposes e.g. to be included in textbooks.

Permissions: Requests for commercial use or further rights and licensing should be submitted to publications@iom.int. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode

PUB2024/039/LWORLD MIGRATION

Permissions: Requests for commercial use or further rights and licensing should be submitted to publications@iom.int. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode

PUB2024/039/LWORLD MIGRATION

EDUCATION TOOLKITWORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT | iii CONTENTS Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ xi PART I: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MIGRATION Module 1: What is migration? .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Module 2: Who migrates? ..................................................................................................................................... ................................... 11 Module 3: Why do people migrate? ..................................................................................................................................... .............. 21 Module 4: Where do people migrate? ..................................................................................................................................... ......... 30 Module 5: How do people migrate? ..................................................................................................................................... .............. 39 Module 6: When do people migrate? ..................................................................................................................................... ........... 49

PART II: KEY THEMATIC ISSUES ON MIGRATION Module 7: Climate change and migration ..................................................................................................................................... ... 61

Module 8: Digital technology and migration .................................................................................................................................. 71 Module 9: Disinformation about migration ..................................................................................................................................... 85 Module 10: COVID-19’s impact on migration ................................................................................................................................. 95 Module 11: Migration and development ........................................................................................................................................... 104 Module 12: Migrants’ contributions ..................................................................................................................................... ............... 114 Module 13: Irregular migration, migrant smuggling and human trafficking .................................................................... 124 Module 14: Migration and diversity .................................................................................................................................................... 136 Module 15: Gender and migration ...................................................................................................................................................... 147 Module 16: Youth and migration .......................................................................................................................................................... 157 End of unit interaction activity ................................................................................................................................................................. 167| WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT iv GLOSSARY Asylum-seeker An individual who is seeking international protection. In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum-seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every recognized refugee is initially an asylum-seeker.

procedures, an asylum-seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every recognized refugee is initially an asylum-seeker.

Source: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law,

No. 34. IOM, Geneva. Artificial intelligence There is no single, universally agreed definition of AI, although in a broad sense it can be thought of as “the programming of computers to do tasks that would normally require human intelligence”.

Source: Beduschi, A. and M. McAuliffe (2021). Artificial Intelligence, migration and mobility: implications for policy and practice . In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva.

Child migrant A migrant that meets the definition of a child, which is here defined as every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

Source: United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted on 20 November.

Climate migration Is a subcategory of environmental migration; it defines a singular type of environmental migration, where the change in the environment is due to climate change. Migration in this context can be associated with greater vulnerability of affected people, particularly if it is forced. However, migration can also be a form of adaptation to environmental stressors, helping to build resilience of affected individuals and communities.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Civic–political contributions Relates to migrants’ ability to solve problems in the community through volunteering, engaging with political processes or government offices.

Source: McAuliffe, M., A. Kitimbo and B. Khadira (2019). Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of

Civic–political contributions Relates to migrants’ ability to solve problems in the community through volunteering, engaging with political processes or government offices.

Source: McAuliffe, M., A. Kitimbo and B. Khadira (2019). Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation. In: World Migration Report 2020. (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadira,

eds.). IOM, Geneva. Destination country A country that is the destination for a person or a group of persons, irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregularly.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Development A comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of the benefits resulting therefrom.

Source: United Nations (1986). Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted on 4 December.

Diaspora IOM defines diasporas as “migrants or descendants of migrants, whose identity and sense of belonging have been shaped by their migration experience and background.” Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT | v Digital technology The concept of digital technology has historically been closely related to computer technology, and in particular advances in computerisation and increasing reliance on computers in human and machine labour from the mid-twentieth century onwards. However, digital technology is broader, encompassing computer technology and non-computer technological innovations, such as those associated with smart phones and other devices.

Source: McAuliffe, M. (2021). International migration and digital technology: An overview. In: Research Handbook on International Migration and Digital Technology (M. McAuliffe, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Digitalization Digitalization involves the creation of digital records or versions of all sorts of materials,

Source: McAuliffe, M. (2021). International migration and digital technology: An overview. In: Research Handbook on International Migration and Digital Technology (M. McAuliffe, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Digitalization Digitalization involves the creation of digital records or versions of all sorts of materials, such as paper/electronic documents and other information, photos, videos, music and other audio, biometric scans/imagery.

Source: McAuliffe, M. (2021). International migration and digital technology: An overview. In: Research Handbook on International Migration and Digital Technology (M. McAuliffe, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Disinformation False information that is deliberately created and disseminated.

Source: Culloty, E., J. Suiter, I. Viriri and S. Creta (2021). Disinformation about migration: an age-old issue with new tech dimensions. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva Displacement The movement of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Diversity Diversity is a combination of the visible (such as gender and race) and invisible differences (such as backgrounds, personalities, life experiences and beliefs) that shape our view of the world, our perspectives and our approach, that make us who we are and make each of us unique.

Source: IOM (2016). Diversity and Inclusion within IOM. PowerPoint presentation.

Drivers of migration Complex set of interlinking factors that influence an individual, family or population group’s decisions relating to migration, including displacement.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Economic

Drivers of migration Complex set of interlinking factors that influence an individual, family or population group’s decisions relating to migration, including displacement.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Economic contributions Describes migrants’ activities involving trade, industry or money. Immigration has been shown to stimulate economic growth and contributes to the global gross domestic product (GDP).

Source: McAuliffe, M., A. Kitimbo and B. Khadira (2019). Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation. In: World Migration Report 2020. (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadira,

eds.). IOM, Geneva. Entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is defined as a person perceiving and creating new economic opportunities and introducing their ideas into the market, in the face of uncertainty and other obstacles. This includes individuals who take up self-employment, create a business that also employs others as well as the expansion of an existing business.

Source: Marchand, K. and M. Siegel. (2015). World Migration Report 2015: Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Cities.

Background paper. IOM, Geneva.| WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT vi Environmental migration The movement of persons or groups of persons who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are forced to leave their places of habitual residence, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move within or outside their country of origin or habitual residence.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Ethnicity Is based on a shared understanding of history and territorial origins (regional and national) of an ethnic group or community, as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion. Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the

of an ethnic group or community, as well as on particular cultural characteristics such as language and/or religion. Respondents’ understanding or views about ethnicity, awareness of their family background, the number of generations they have spent in a country, and the length of time since immigration are all possible factors affecting the reporting of ethnicity in a census. Ethnicity is multidimensional and is more a process than a static concept, and so ethnic classification should be treated with movable boundaries.

Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) (2008). Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (Series M No. 67/Rev.2). Statistical paper, New

York. Feminization of migration The changing nature of women’s migration, reflecting the fact that more women migrate independently rather than as members of a household, and are actively involved in employment.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Food insecurity The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines “food insecurity” as a situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development, and an active and healthy life. It may be caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution, or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP) (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013: The multiple

Dimensions of Food Security. FAO, Rome. Forced labour According to the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), forced or compulsory labour is: “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the threat of a penalty and for which the person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily.”

Dimensions of Food Security. FAO, Rome. Forced labour According to the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), forced or compulsory labour is: “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the threat of a penalty and for which the person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily.” Source: International Labour Organization (1930). Forced Labour Convention No. 29, adopted on 28 June. Foreign Direct Investment It refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital.

Source: World Bank (n.d.). Metadata Glossary . Web page.

Gender The socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for individuals based on the sex they were assigned at birth.

Source: IOM (2024). IOM Gender and Equality Policy . IOM, Geneva.

Gender equalityThe equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of all individuals of all genders. Equality does not mean that all individuals are the same, but that rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on one’s sex assigned at birth, physical sex characteristics, gender assigned by society, gender identity or gender expression. Gender equality also requires that the interests, needs and priorities of all individuals should be taken into consideration.

Source: IOM (2024). IOM Gender and Equality Policy. IOM, Geneva.WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT | vii Gender gap History attests that there was a steady increase in the number of international female migrants from 1990. However, evidence points to a growing gender gap globally over the past two decades. As highlighted in the world migration report, the share of female migrants has been decreasing since 2000, from 49.4 per cent to 48.1 per cent. The gap between female and male international migrants increased from 1.2  percentage points in 2000 to 3.8 percentage points in 2020.

has been decreasing since 2000, from 49.4 per cent to 48.1 per cent. The gap between female and male international migrants increased from 1.2  percentage points in 2000 to 3.8 percentage points in 2020.

Source: Bauloz, C., M. Walton-Roberts, R. Jaji and T. Lee (2024). Gender and migration: Trends, gaps and urgent action. In: World Migration Report 2024 (M. McAuliffe and L.A. Oucho, eds.). IOM, Geneva.

Gender norms Gender norms are ideas about how men and women should be and act. We internalize and learn these “rules” early in life. This sets-up a life-cycle of gender socialization and stereotyping. Put another way, gender norms are the standards and expectations to which gender identity generally conforms, within a range that defines a particular society, culture and community at that point in time.

Source: UN Women (n.d.). Gender equality glossary. UN Women Training Centre eLearning Campus.

Gender role A set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for a person based on their actual sex or perceived sex or gender.

Source: IOM (2021). SOGIESC: Glossary of terms . May.

Internal migration The movement of people within a State involving the establishment of a new temporary or permanent residence.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or (IDPs) obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

International migration

the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

International migration The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which they are not nationals.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Remittances Personal monetary transfers, cross border or within the same country, made by migrants to individuals or communities with whom the migrant has links.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

International student A person who has moved across an international border away from his or her habitual place of residence for the purpose of undertaking a programme of study.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Irregular migration Movement of persons that takes place outside the laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry into or exit from the State of origin, transit or destination.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Labour migration Labour migration is defined as the movement of persons from one State to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.| WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT viii Migrant worker A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Migration aspirations Aspirations to migrate arise from the differential between current and aspired life satisfaction,

a State of which he or she is not a national.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Migration aspirations Aspirations to migrate arise from the differential between current and aspired life satisfaction, aspirations to live in a certain country, and the intrinsic motivation to migrate, influenced by an individual’s personality traits.

Source: Migration Research Hub (n.d.). Migrant aspirations and attitudes . IMISCOE.

Migration corridor An accumulation of migratory movements over time; provides a snapshot of how migration patterns have evolved into significant foreign-born populations in specific destination countries.

Source: McAuliffe, M. and L.A. Oucho (2024). Report overview: Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world, but key challenges remain. In: World Migration Report 2024 (M. McAuliffe and

L.A. Oucho, eds.). IOM, Geneva. Migrants’ contributions T o contribute means to give something – money, time, ideas, labour, material goods – in order to achieve something with other people (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019). In other words, contributions occur as part of broader structural settings and social processes that support and shape societies. According to migration policy research, there are three main categories through which migrants contribute to their communities, sociocultural, civic–political and economic.

Source: McAuliffe, M., A. Kitimbo and B. Khadira (2019). Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation. In: World Migration Report 2020. (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadira,

eds.). IOM, Geneva. Migration cycleStages of the migration process encompassing departure, in some cases transit through a State, immigration in the State of destination and return.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Migration The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence, either across an

State, immigration in the State of destination and return.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Migration The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence, either across an international border or within a State.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

MisinformationMisinformation is false information that is shared without an intention to deceive.

Source: Culloty, E., J. Suiter, I. Viriri and S. Creta (2021). Disinformation about migration: an age-old issue with new tech dimensions. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM,

Geneva. Mixed motivations The recognition that people impelled to leave their countries may be driven by a combination of fears, uncertainties, hopes and aspirations that may be difficult to unravel. (UNHCR) Source: Van Hear, N. (2011). Mixed Migration: Policy Challenges . The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. Mobility A generic term covering all the different forms of movements of persons. The term human mobility reflects a wider range of movements of persons than the term “migration”. The term is usually understood as also encompassing tourists that are generally considered as not engaging in migration.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.WORLD MIGRATION EDUCATION TOOLKIT | ix Non-binary An adjective describing people whose gender identity falls outside the male–female binary.

Non-binary is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of gender experiences, including people with a specific gender identity other than man or woman, people who identify as two or more genders (bigender or pan/polygender) and people who don’t identify with any gender (agender).

Source: IOM (2021). SOGIESC: Glossary of terms . May.

including people with a specific gender identity other than man or woman, people who identify as two or more genders (bigender or pan/polygender) and people who don’t identify with any gender (agender).

Source: IOM (2021). SOGIESC: Glossary of terms . May.

Origin country A country of nationality or of former habitual residence of a person or group of persons who have migrated abroad, irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregularly.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Race One of the grounds for persecution for refugee status under the 1951 Refugee Convention, and a prohibited ground of discrimination under human rights law. Not being a scientifically grounded concept, race is generally understood in its widest sense to include all kinds of ethnic groups that are referred to as “races” in common usage.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Refugee (1951 Convention) A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.

Source: United Nations (1951). Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (189 U.N.T.S. 150, entered into force April 22, 1954).

Regional migration Migrants born in a region (i.e. Asia) and residing outside their country of birth, but still within the region.

Source: M. McAuliffe and B. Khadira (2019). World Migration Report 2020. IOM, Geneva.

Regular migration pathways Migration schemes or other migration options that allow eligible persons to migrate regularly

the region.

Source: M. McAuliffe and B. Khadira (2019). World Migration Report 2020. IOM, Geneva.

Regular migration pathways Migration schemes or other migration options that allow eligible persons to migrate regularly to the concerned country of destination based on conditions and for a duration defined by such country.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Seasonal migrant worker A migrant worker whose work, or migration for employment is by its character dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed only during part of the year.

Source: United Nations (1990). International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, adopted on 18 December.

Sexual exploitation Any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially, or politically from the sexual exploitation of another.

Source: IOM (2019). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.

Slow-onset events The impacts of climate change include slow-onset events and extreme weather events, both of which may result in loss and damage. Slow-onset events, as initially introduced by the Cancun Agreement (COP16), refer to the risks and