UNIDROIT - Model European Rules of Civil Procedure

ELI/UNIDROIT Model European Rules of Civil Procedure

The Rules, accompanied by Comments, and available both in English and in French, were approved by the ELI Council and Membership in summer 2020, as well by the UNIDROIT Governing Council at the second meeting of its 99th session on 23-25 September 2020. The final text will be published by Oxford University Press in 2021.ELI – UNIDROIT

MODEL EUROPEAN RULES OF CIVIL

PROCEDURE

FROM TRANSNATIONAL PRINCIPLES TO EUROPEAN

RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREiii Foreword In 2004, U NIDROIT, together with the American Law Institute (ALI), published the ALI-UNIDROIT Principles on Transnational Civil Procedure. The Principles provided a model of balance between different legal families and traditions, but they were not adapted to the requirements of particular regions of the world, notably not to the specificities of European legal systems. This is why the European Law Institute (ELI) and U NIDROIT joined forces to develop these ELI-U NIDROIT Model Rules of European Civil Procedure. The idea was to reach out beyond the formulation of Principles and to develop more detailed rules, considering existing legal instruments at EU level, European legal traditions, and current legal developments in Europe, in order to produce a framework of reference and source of inspiration for a broad range of actors, notably legislators and policymakers. That ambitious idea flourished into the text we have the honour of presenting. The project originated in an international workshop organised in Vienna in October 2013, at the initiative of former U NIDROIT Secretary-General José Angelo Estrella Faria and Christiane Wendehorst, then Vice-President of ELI and one of the authors of this foreword. During over seven years of hard work, around fifty international experts from Europe and beyond, as well as representatives of numerous institutions and organisations, were involved in this intense, collective endeavour, covering the entire spectrum of civil

and one of the authors of this foreword. During over seven years of hard work, around fifty international experts from Europe and beyond, as well as representatives of numerous institutions and organisations, were involved in this intense, collective endeavour, covering the entire spectrum of civil procedure, from service of documents to appeals, including -quite innovativelycertain types of collective proceedings. In the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic as one of the most traumatic health, economic and social crisis our continent has lived through in generations, the ELI and U NIDROIT have continued their activities in pursuit of higher unification and modernisation of legal rules. The ELI Council, on 15 July 2020, the ELI Membership, on 5 August 2020, and a bit later, UNIDROIT’s Governing Council on 24 September 2020, formally approved the ELIUNIDROIT Model Rules on Civil Procedure, successfully concluding a common project which represents an excellent example of the cooperation between ELI and UNIDROIT and shows the potential for new projects in the future. It is our pleasure to express our profound gratitude and admiration for the excellent work done by all participants. Perhaps it is only fair to start with the members of the Steering Committee, composed by representatives of both organisations (Remo Caponi and John Sorabji for ELI, Rolf Stürner for UNIDROIT) and ably chaired by Diana Wallis, former ELI President, and Anna Veneziano, U NIDROIT Deputy Secretary-General. A special word of appreciation is also owed to the Structure Group Co-Reporters, to CoReporters and, generally, to Member s of the nine Working Groups who contributed with the research and the drafting of the Rules and Comments. Since this is a bilingual text, un grand merci goes to the “French Task Force”, whose members ensured consistency with the French version of the black-letter Rules. Naturally, all experts involved would deserve a special mention, but, for obvious reasons of space, we must confine ourselves toForeword iv

Since this is a bilingual text, un grand merci goes to the “French Task Force”, whose members ensured consistency with the French version of the black-letter Rules. Naturally, all experts involved would deserve a special mention, but, for obvious reasons of space, we must confine ourselves toForeword iv making express reference to the complete list of names and affiliations of participants that opens this publication. Granting them the opening of the publication does not only acknowledge their invaluable work, but it is also a testament to the calibre of the experts we were fortunate enough to attract to this project. Finally, our gratitude goes to the representatives of the Observer Organisations and to the Advisers who lent their specialised knowledge to the project. We would further like to extend our appreciation to those who supported the project team within our Secretariats over the years, and, particularly: at U NIDROIT Valentina Viganò, who was the focal point for the project organisation, and Isabelle Dubois, as well as Françoise Ghin; at ELI, Alina Lengyel, Adi Biki ć, Ala Krinickyt ė and Tomasz Dudek. A special word of thanks to UNIDROIT’s Lena Peters for the editorial work on the project and Frédérique Mestre and Marina Schneider for the translation of the comments into French. Concluding this project is merely the end of the first step: these Model Rules must now start a new journey, a fascinating incursion into the modernisation of a more harmonised, user-friendly procedural law in Europe, one which allows for a better understanding and improved use of procedural rules, an objective especially relevant in a time when extreme circumstances are likely to put procedural systems to the test. While the draft Model Rules had already influenced the debate on law reform and the development of harmonised rules, we are confident that the finalised instrument will enjoy further dissemination and implementation as best practices in the field of civil procedure for national legislators and international policy makers, within Europe and beyond.

Vienna / Rome, January 2021

development of harmonised rules, we are confident that the finalised instrument will enjoy further dissemination and implementation as best practices in the field of civil procedure for national legislators and international policy makers, within Europe and beyond.

Vienna / Rome, January 2021

Prof. Christiane Wendehorst, ELI President Prof. Maria Chiara Malaguti, UNIDROIT President Prof. Ignacio Tirado, UNIDROIT Secretary-GeneralDRAFT

v Introduction

An introduction is normally written by the authors, a role we do not claim for the ELI-U NIDROIT Model European Rules of Civil Procedure. What we can perhaps say is that we have acted as constant points of reference, respectively representing each of our institutions from start to finish, and it is in this capacity that we write these words of introduction. When this project began over seven years ago, neither of us could have foreseen the depth and scope to which this publication would arrive. From the initial idea of turning the ALI-U NIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure into rules pertinent to the European continent, the instrument, while purposefully not representing a model Code, has grown into an impressive number of pages of Rules and Comments, starting from general provisions and covering first instance proceedings (co-operative case management by parties and court, pleadings, service of process and due notice, lis pendens, proceedings preparatory to a final hearing, access to information and evidence-taking, judgments and their effects). It also addresses provisional and protective measures, appeals, collective redress and costs. We would like to echo the U NIDROIT Secretary-General’s and the UNIDROIT and ELI Presidents’ words of admiration and thanks to our fellow members of the Steering Committee and to all the authors of this instrument. We would also wish to express gratitude to all those who, in one capacity or the other, participated in the discussion s, seminars and workshops, sharing their comments and knowledge, includ ing the institutional observers and the ELI and UNIDROIT institutional organs (ELI Council and Advisory Board,

would also wish to express gratitude to all those who, in one capacity or the other, participated in the discussion s, seminars and workshops, sharing their comments and knowledge, includ ing the institutional observers and the ELI and UNIDROIT institutional organs (ELI Council and Advisory Board, UNIDROIT Governing Council). Finally, we could never have achieved completion of the instrument without the dedicated assistance of the UNIDROIT and ELI staff over the years. It has been quite a journey, and we have developed certain working methods and perhaps even, one might say, certain traditions within the team along the way. A highlight for all participants were the biannual meetings organised by UNIDROIT at its seat in Villa Aldobrandini in Rome and by ELI in Vienna and in cooperation with other organisations (particularly ERA in Trier). There have been many engaging discussions, some quite passionate, forcing us to reach compromises or better understand the value of the different approaches between legal systems. The result of such discussions, the ELI-U NIDROIT Model European Rules of Civil Procedure, are perhaps unlikely to be read from cover to cover; different readers will be interested in different parts specific to their own practice, research or needs. It is our hope, however, that the amazing scholarship and wealth of practical experience that has gone into this instrument will be both an inspiration and a provocation to academics,Introduction vi policy makers and practitioners, across the European continent and beyond, to the extent that this may represent a milestone rather than an end point in the quest for modern, efficient, and fair rules of civil procedure.

January 2021

Diana P. Wallis

Anna VenezianoDRAFT

vii Participants in the project

STEERING COMMITTEE AND WORKING GROUPS

STEERING COMMITTEE Co-Chairs José Angelo E STRELLA FARIA — then U NIDROIT Secretary-General (co-chair until July 2018) Anna VENEZIANO — Deputy Secretary-General (co-chair since August 2018)

STEERING COMMITTEE AND WORKING GROUPS

STEERING COMMITTEE Co-Chairs José Angelo E STRELLA FARIA — then U NIDROIT Secretary-General (co-chair until July 2018) Anna VENEZIANO — Deputy Secretary-General (co-chair since August 2018) Diana WALLIS — then President of ELI, Solicitor & Mediator, University of Hull Members representing the ELI Remo CAPONI — University of Florence John SORABJI — then Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls; University College London Members representing UNIDROIT Rolf STÜRNER — University of Freiburg; former Judge of the Courts of Appeal Stuttgart and Karlsruhe and former Co-Reporter for the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles Anna VENEZIANO — U NIDROIT Deputy Secretary-General

WORKING GROUPS

ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND EVIDENCE Reporters Neil A NDREWS — University of Cambridge; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member (co-reporter until 2017) Fernando GASCÓN INCHAUSTI — University Complutense of Madrid Members Laura ERVO — University of Örebro Frédérique FERRAND — University Jean Moulin Lyon 3; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member Victória HARSÁGI — Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest Michael STÜRNER — University of Konstanz; Ju dge of the Court of Appeal Karlsruhe

Chronological order of formation, ex cept for the overarching Structure Group (whose members are listed on page 6).Introduction viii PROVISIONAL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES Reporters Neil A NDREWS — University of Cambridge; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member (co-reporter until 2016) Gilles CUNIBERTI — University of Luxembourg (co-reporter until 2016)

PROVISIONAL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES Reporters Neil A NDREWS — University of Cambridge; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member (co-reporter until 2016) Gilles CUNIBERTI — University of Luxembourg (co-reporter until 2016) Xandra KRAMER — Erasmus University, Rotterdam (reporter from August 2016) Members Torbjörn ANDERSSON — University of Uppsala Remo CAPONI — University of Florence (co-reporter from September 2016) Fernando DE LA MATA — ESADE Law School Barcelona; Baker & McKenzie John SORABJI — then Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls; University College London (from September 2016) Alan UZELAC — University of Zagreb

SERVICE OF DOCUMENTS AND DUE NOTICE OF PROCEEDINGS

Reporters Astrid STADLER — University of Konstanz Eva STORSKRUBB — University of Uppsala Members Marco DE CRISTOFARO — University of Padua Emmanuel JEULAND — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Wendy KENNETT — Cardiff University Dimitrios TSIKRIKAS — University of Athens

LIS PENDENS AND RES JUDICATA

Reporters Frédérique FERRAND — University Jean Moulin Lyon 3 (Co-Reporter); former ALI/UNIDROIT Working Group member Burkhard HESS — Director of the Max Planck for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, Luxembourg Members Neil A NDREWS — University of Cambridge; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member Alexander ARABADJIEV — Judge, European Court of Justice Marco DE CRISTOFARO — University of Padua Tania DOMEJ — University of ZürichParticipants in the project ix Fernando GASCÓN INCHAUSTI — University Complutense of Madrid

Group member Alexander ARABADJIEV — Judge, European Court of Justice Marco DE CRISTOFARO — University of Padua Tania DOMEJ — University of ZürichParticipants in the project ix Fernando GASCÓN INCHAUSTI — University Complutense of Madrid Kalliopi MAKRIDOU — Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Jarkko MÄNNISTÖ — Lawyer in Finland Karol WEITZ — University of Warsaw

OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES AND LAWYERS

Reporters C.H. (Remco) V AN RHEE — Maastricht University Alan UZELAC — University of Zagreb Members Emmanuel JEULAND — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Bartosz KAROLCZYK — DZP, Warsaw Walter H. RECHBERGER — University of Vienna Elisabetta SILVESTRI — University of Pavia John SORABJI — then Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls; University College London Magne STRANDBERG — University of Bergen JUDGMENTS Reporters Chiara BESSO — formerly University of Turin; Judge, Italian Supreme Court Christoph A. KERN — Heidelberg University Members Laura ERVO — University of Örebro Natalie FRICERO — University of Nice Andrew HIGGINS — Oxford University Thomas SUTTER-SOMM — University of Basel

PARTIES AND COLLECTIVE REDRESS

Reporters Emmanuel JEULAND — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Astrid STADLER — University of Konstanz Members Vincent SMITH — British Institute for International and Comparative Law; ESCP Ianika TZANKOVA— Tillburg University Istvan VARGA — ELTE Faculty of Law Stefaan VOET — KU LeuvenIntroduction x COSTS Reporters

Members Vincent SMITH — British Institute for International and Comparative Law; ESCP Ianika TZANKOVA— Tillburg University Istvan VARGA — ELTE Faculty of Law Stefaan VOET — KU LeuvenIntroduction x COSTS Reporters Paul OBERHAMMER — University of Vienna Eva STORSKRUBB — University of Uppsala Wendy KENNETT — Cardiff University (co-reporter from 2018) APPEALS Reporters Frédérique FERRAND — University Jean Moulin Lyon 3; former ALI/U NIDROIT Working Group member Christoph A. KERN — Heidelberg University Members Fernando GASCÓN INCHAUSTI — University Complutense of Madrid Magne STRANDBERG — University of Bergen STRUCTURE GROUP Reporters Loïc CADIET — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne; then President of the International Association of Procedural Law (IAPL) Xandra KRAMER — Erasmus University, Rotterdam Members, Final Drafting Team John SORABJI — then Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice and the Master of the Rolls; University College London Rolf STÜRNER — University of Freiburg; former Judge of the Courts of Appeal Stuttgart and Karlsruhe and former Co-Reporter for the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles French Task Force Loïc CADIET — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne; then President of the International Association of Procedural Law (IAPL) Frédérique FERRAND — University Jean Moulin Lyon 3; former ALI/UNIDROIT Working Group member Emmanuel JEULAND — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonnexi Observers American Law Institute (ALI) Asociación Americana de Derecho Internacional Privado (ASADIP) Association for International Arbitration (AIA)

Working Group member Emmanuel JEULAND — University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonnexi Observers American Law Institute (ALI) Asociación Americana de Derecho Internacional Privado (ASADIP) Association for International Arbitration (AIA) Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) Council of the Notariats of the European Union (CNUE) European Commission (EC) European Parliament European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) International Association of Lawyers (UIA) International Association of Young Lawyers (AIJA) International Bar Association (IBA) IBA Litigation Committee IBA Arbitration Committee International Association of Procedural Law (IAPL) International Union of Judicial Officers (UIHJ) Max Planck Institute Luxembourgxiixiii Advisory Committee Members Teresa Arruda A LVIM WAMBIER — Professor at the Pontificia Universidade Catolica of São Paulo (PUC-SP); Partner in the firm Wambier & Arruda Alvim Wambier from Brazil Alexander ARABADJIEV — Judge, Court of Justice of the European Union Stefania BARIATTI — Professor of International Law, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (Italy); UNIDROIT Governing Council Member Núria BOUZA VIDAL — Professor of Private International Law, Pompeu Fabra University School of Law, Law Department, Barcelona (Spain); former UNIDROIT Governing Council Member Anna ENGELHARD-BARFIELD — Attorney at Law in Germany (Hamburg) and the US Michael E LMER — Vice-President, Maritime and Commercial High Court, Copenhagen; Co-founder and Vice-President of the Association of European Competition Law Judges; former UNIDROIT Governing Council Member

B. Bahadır ERDEM — Professor of Law, Istanbul University; Lawyer, Istanbul

US Michael E LMER — Vice-President, Maritime and Commercial High Court, Copenhagen; Co-founder and Vice-President of the Association of European Competition Law Judges; former UNIDROIT Governing Council Member

B. Bahadır ERDEM — Professor of Law, Istanbul University; Lawyer, Istanbul

(Turkey); former UNIDROIT Governing Council Member Antonio GIDI – Professor, Syracuse University College of Law Peter GOTTWALD — Professor of private law, private international law and civil procedural law, University of Regensburg Geoffrey C. HAZARD Jr. † – Professor, University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Director of ALI Christopher H ODGES — Professor, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Oxford University; Erasmus University Samuel ISSACHAROFF — Professor of civil procedure and constitutional law at NYU; practitioner Ole L ANDO †— Professor emeritus of Copenhagen Business School in Frederiksberg (Denmark); founder and Chairman of the Commission on European Contract Law (CECL); former member of U NIDROIT Working Group on International Commercial Contracts Richard (Rick) MARCUS — Professor University of California, Hastings College of the Law

   Please note that the list contains the affiliations of advisers at the time of their appointment.Advisory Committee Members xiv Paul MATTHEWS — Master of the High Court, Chancery Division, in England and Wales; co-author of the leading English text on disclosure; part-time Professor at King’s College, London José Antonio M ORENO RODRÍGUEZ — Professor of Law; Attorney, Asunción (Paraguay); Member of the International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Court; UNIDROIT Governing Council Member Andras OSZTOVITS — Head of the Faculty of Law, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Budapest (Hungary) Eduardo OTEIZA — President of the Instituto Iberoamericano de Derecho Procesal

Member Andras OSZTOVITS — Head of the Faculty of Law, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Budapest (Hungary) Eduardo OTEIZA — President of the Instituto Iberoamericano de Derecho Procesal Monika P AUKNEROVÁ— Professor at Charles University, Prague; U NIDROIT Governing Council Member Thomas PFEIFFER — Professor of private law, international private law and civil procedural law, Heidelberg University Judith RESNIK — Professor, Arthur Liman Professor of Law at Yale Law School Marco Antonio RODRIGUES — Professor at Rio de Janeiro State University Raffaele SABATO — Italian Supreme Court Judge; member of the Board of Directors of the Italian High School of the Judiciary Jorge Sánchez CORDERO DÁVILA — Director of the Mexican Center of Uniform Law; Professor; Notary public, Mexico City (Mexico); U NIDROIT Governing Council Member Elizabeth STONG — Bankruptcy Judge for the Eastern District of New York; Chair of the New York City Bar’s Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee and Vice Chair of its Judiciary Committee Marcel STORME † — Attorney at Law; Professor at the University of Ghent; Member of the Ghent Bar Stacie STRONG — Senior Fellow, Center for th e Study of Dispute Resolution, University of Missouri Nicolò TROCKER — Professor of comparative law, University of Florence Verica T RSTENJAK — Professor for European Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Vienna; Advocate General at the European Court of Justice (2006-2012) Bob W ESSELS — Professor emeritus of International Insolvency Law, University of LeidenDRAFT

xv Contents Foreword ................................................................................... iii Introduction ............................................................................... v Participants in the project ......................................................... vii Observers .................................................................................. xi Advisory Committee Members .................................................. xiii Abbreviations ........................................................................... xix Preamble ................................................................................... 1

xv Contents Foreword ................................................................................... iii Introduction ............................................................................... v Participants in the project ......................................................... vii Observers .................................................................................. xi Advisory Committee Members .................................................. xiii Abbreviations ........................................................................... xix Preamble ................................................................................... 1

I.  PROJECT HISTORY ............................................................. 1

II.  ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT ............. 2

III.  PROJECT METHODOLOGY .................................................... 3

IV.   MODEL RULES RATHER THAN A COMPLETE CODE ................... 6

V.   COHERENCE AND CONSISTENCY OF TERMINOLOGY ................ 7

VI.  GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SCOPE OF THE MODEL EUROPEAN

RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE .............................................. 11

1.   Civil and Commercial Matters ....................................... 11

2.  Uniform Flexible Rules for First Instance Proceedings ....... 12

3.  Flexible Application of the Uniform Rules and Early Final Judgments ................................................................. 13

4.  The Integration of Complex Cases into the Rules ............. 13

5.  The Significance of the Rules for Lawyers and Court Case Management .............................................................. 14

6.   Integrating Consumer Cases into the Rules ..................... 15

7.   Settlement as an Integral Part of the Rules concerning

First Instance Proceedings ............................................ 19

8.   Particular forms of Procedure in Special Parts of the Rules ................................................................... 21

VII.   THE ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE AND THE RULES .................... 24

1.   General Remarks ........................................................ 24

2.  Rules on Jurisdiction, Recognition and Enforcement ......... 27

3.   Small Claim Proceedings and Proceedings for Payment Orders ...................................................................... 29

4.   Acquis Communautaire and the Case Law of the Highest European Courts ......................................................... 30Contents xvi

VIII.  MODERN COMMUNICATION AND RECORDING, ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE AND THE RULES .......................................... 31

1.  Appropriate Use of Electronic Communication and Recording ..... 31

European Courts ......................................................... 30Contents xvi

VIII.  MODERN COMMUNICATION AND RECORDING, ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE AND THE RULES .......................................... 31

1.  Appropriate Use of Electronic Communication and Recording ..... 31

2.  Artificial Intelligence and the Rules ........................................ 32

MODEL EUROPEAN RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ............... 34

PART I – GENERAL PROVISIONS ............................................... 34

SECTION 1 – Scope .................................................................... 34 SECTION 2 – Principles ............................................................... 36

A.  Co-operation .............................................................. 36

B.  Proportionality ............................................................ 44

C.  Settlement ................................................................. 49

D.  Right to be heard ........................................................ 54

E.  Representation and assistance ...................................... 60

F.  Oral, written and public Proceedings .............................. 67

G.  Languages, interpretation and translation ....................... 79

SECTION 3 – Proceedings ........................................................... 83

A.  Commencement, termination, Concentration and scope .... 83

B.  Facts, evidence and applicable law ................................. 89

C.  Sanctions for non-compliance and relief from sanctions .. 104

PART II – PARTIES .................................................................. 110

SECTION 1 – General Part ......................................................... 110 SECTION 2 – Special Part .......................................................... 116

A.  Multiple Parties ......................................................... 116

B.  Substitution and Succession of Parties ......................... 125

SECTION 3 – Cross border issues ............................................... 126

PART III – CASE MANAGEMENT ............................................... 128

PART IV – COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS ........................ 138

SECTION 1 – Pre-commencement procedural duties ...................... 138 SECTION 2 – Commencement and pleadings ................................ 141

A.  Statement of claim .................................................... 141

B.  Joint application for party agreed proceedings ............... 155

PART V –PROCEEDINGS PREPARATORY TO A FINAL HEARING . 158Contents xvii

SECTION 2 – Commencement and pleadings ................................ 141

A.  Statement of claim .................................................... 141

B.  Joint application for party agreed proceedings ............... 155

PART V –PROCEEDINGS PREPARATORY TO A FINAL HEARING . 158Contents xvii PART VI – SERVICE AND DUE NOTICE OF PROCEEDINGS ......... 175

SECTION 1 – General part - Service, Due Notice and the Right to be Heard ......................................................... 175 SECTION 2 – Responsibility for and methods of service ................. 178

A.  General Provisions .................................................... 178

B.  Methods of Service .................................................... 181

SECTION 3 – Cross border issues ............................................... 196

A.  In the European Union ............................................... 196

B.  Outside the European Union ....................................... 199

PART VII – ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND EVIDENCE ............ 200

SECTION 1 – General part ......................................................... 201

A.  General Provisions on Evidence ................................... 201

B.  Management of Evidence ........................................... 210

C.  Presentation and Evaluation of Evidence ....................... 216

SECTION 2 – Access to evidence orders ...................................... 221 SECTION 3 – Types of evidence ................................................. 234

A.  Documents .............................................................. 234

B.  Testimonial Evidence ................................................. 237

C.  Examination of Parties ............................................... 243

D.  Expert Evidence ........................................................ 245

E.  Judicial Inspection ..................................................... 253

SECTION 4 – Cross-border issues ............................................... 255

A.  In the European Union ............................................... 255

B.  Outside the European Union ....................................... 258

PART VIII – JUDGMENT, RES JUDICATA AND LIS PENDENS ..... 259

SECTION 1 – General Part ......................................................... 260 SECTION 2 – Special Part ................................................